Table 3 Factors associated with wheezing – from bivariate and multivariate analyses
Variables | N | Unadjusted OR* (95% CI**) | p value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Age 3 up to 4 years | 383 | 0.88 (0.55–1.39) | 0.59 | 0.74 (0.34–1.58) | 0.43 |
2 | Male sex | 383 | 1.05 (0.64–1.61) | 0.84 | 1.88 (0.98–3.58) | 0.056 |
3 | Low birth weight | 383 | 1.01 (0.53–1.92) | 0.96 | 1.62 (0.66–3.95) | 0.29 |
4 | Not exclusively breast fed | 383 | 0.34 (0.05–2.44) | 0.27 | 11.05 (0.89–137.21) | 0.06 |
5 | Introduced to formula milk before 6 months | 301 | 0.54 (0.32–0.92) | 0.022 | 0.39 (0.19–0.83) | 0.014 |
6 | Ethnicity- Sinhalese | 383 | 0.96 (0.57–1.61) | 0.87 | 0.67 (0.31–1.46) | 0.32 |
7 | Having siblings | 383 | 0.93 (0.55–1.58) | 0.79 | 0.88 (0.42–1.87) | 0.75 |
8 | Attending preschool | 383 | 0.83 (0.52–1.31) | 0.43 | 1.09 (0.50–2.38) | 0.82 |
9 | Food allergy present | 383 | 1.44 (0.75–2.74) | 0.26 | 2.54 (0.92–7.02) | 0.07 |
10 | Having eczema | 383 | 1.32 (0.55–3.13) | 0.53 | 0.39 (0.09–1.67) | 0.21 |
11 | Food allergy in family | 383 | 1.83 (1.01–3.31) | 0.044 | 1.43 (0.54–3.78) | 0.47 |
12 | Eczema in family | 383 | 2.35 (0.85–6.51) | 0.08 | 4.07 (0.87–18.96) | 0.07 |
13 | Maternal asthma | 383 | 8.88 (5.26–14.99) | p < 0.001 | 11.21 (5.64–22.29) | p < 0.001 |
14 | Paternal asthma | 383 | 6.58 (3.69–11.73) | p < 0.001 | 7.98 (3.64–17.49) | p < 0.001 |
15 | Pets at home | 383 | 1.56 (0.85–2.86) | 0.14 | 0.98 (0.43–2.25) | 0.97 |
16 | Place of sleep (hardboard/bare floor/mat) | 383 | 1.64 (1.005–2.688) | 0.047 | 1.17 (0.57–2.42) | 0.66 |
17 | Unsatisfactory ventilation in sleeping area | 383 | 2.42 (1.49–3.85) | p < 0.001 | 4.38 (2.16–8.89) | p < 0.001 |
18 | Use of bed nets | 383 | 1.71 (1.008–2.904) | 0.045 | 1.25 (0.58–2.65) | 0.57 |
19 | Play with soft toys | 383 | 2.14 (1.33–3.43) | 0.001 | 2.65 (1.35–5.18) | 0.004 |
20 | Tendency of mould formation | 383 | 2.20 (1.37–3.52) | 0.001 | 1.54 (0.79–2.99) | 0.19 |
21 | Use of mosquito coils | 383 | 2.38 (1.46–3.88) | p < 0.001 | 1.95 (0.95–4.03) | 0.07 |
22 | Daily light incense sticks | 383 | 0.91 (0.56–1.43) | 0.65 | 0.72 (0.37–1.39) | 0.33 |
23 | Place of cooking combined with living area | 383 | 2.25 (1.42–3.69) | p = 0.001 | 2.75 (1.09–6.95) | 0.03 |
24 | Unclean fuel usage | 378 | 1.69 (1.06–2.71) | 0.027 | 1.11 (0.56–2.18) | 0.77 |
25 | Unsatisfactory ventilation in kitchen | 370 | 1.60 (1.002–2.572) | 0.050 | 1.25 (0.67–1.94) | 0.16 |
26 | Father ever smoked | 383 | 1.64 (1.02–2.62) | 0.038 | 1.09 (0.55–2.15) | 0.80 |
27 | Higher exposure to vehicle emissions | 383 | 1.19 (0.75–1.90) | 0.46 | 1.17 (0.60–2.27) | 0.64 |
28 | Having work place/industry | 383 | 1.87(1.16–3.01) | 0.010 | 1.27 (0.66–2.45) | 0.47 |