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Table 1 Expressions 1 and 2 solved for the individual relative risk (IRR) and the high-risk proportion q, according to the familial relative risks (FRRs) given one (FRR1) and two (FRR2) affected relatives

From: The surprising implications of familial association in disease risk

Cancer

Familial relationship studied

FRR 1

FRR 2

⇒

IRR

q

Testicular cancer [20]

Brothers

5.88

21.71

⇒

30.6

0.010

Prostate cancer [51]

Brothers

2.96

7.71

⇒

12.2

0.027

Colorectal cancer [52]

Siblings

2.25

4.25 a

⇒

7.4

0.067

Melanoma [53]

FDRs

1.9

4.7 a

⇒

8.2

0.025

Breast cancer [25]

Women FDRs

1.80

2.93

⇒

5.2

0.10

Hodgkin’s lymphoma [54]

FDRs

6

13 a

⇒

22.6

0.030

Non-medullary thyroid cancer [55]

FDRs

3.1

23.2 a

⇒

34.2

0.0022

  1. Abbreviations: FRR: Familial relative risk; IRR: Individual relative risk; FDR: First degree relative
  2. a ≥ 2 siblings/FDRs is used in the reference
  3. Estimates for FRR1 and FRR2 are taken from the indicated reference (the level of accuracy given in the reference is used)