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Table 4 Prevalence and adjusted associations of mental disorders with sociodemographic indicators in twins and singletons

From: The Colombo Twin and Singleton Follow-up Study: a population based twin study of psychiatric disorders and metabolic syndrome in Sri Lanka

 

Total sample

Gender

Education

Age

Male

Female

Higher

Lower

19–34

35–54

55+

Twins

(N = 2934)

(n = 1289)

(n = 1645)

(n = 960)

(n = 1923)

(n = 1197)

(n = 1302)

(n = 435)

 Depressive disorder (N = 2899)

  % (n)

3.8 (110)

3.1 (39)

4.4 (71)

3.6 (35)

3.9 (75)

4.1 (48)

4.0 (52)

2.3 (10)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

1.3 (0.9–2.0)

ref.

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

ref.

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

0.3* (0.1–0.8)

 Depressive symptoms (N = 2883)

  % (n)

5.9 (170)

4.1 (52)

7.3 (118)

3.6 (34)

7.1 (136)

5.5 (65)

5.9 (76)

6.8 (29)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

1.7** (1.2–2.5)

ref.

2.0** (1.3–3.1)

ref.

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

0.8 (0.4–1.4)

 Generalised anxiety disorder (N = 2893)

  % (n)

3.6 (103)

2.5 (32)

4.4 (71)

2.7 (26)

4.0 (77)

3.6 (42)

3.6 (46)

3.5 (15)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

1.7* (1.1–2.6)

ref.

1.5 (0.9–2.6)

ref.

0.9 (0.5–1.5)

0.6 (0.3–1.5)

 PTSD (N = 2896)

  % (n)

4.5 (131)

3.6 (46)

5.2 (85)

2.7 (26)

5.4 (104)

4.1 (49)

5.1 (65)

4.0 (17)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

1.4 (0.9–2.0)

ref.

2.1** (1.3–3.4)

ref.

1.0 (0.7–1.6)

0.4* (0.4–0.8)

Men only a

(N = 1289)

–

–

(n = 400)

(n = 861)

(n = 557)

(n = 562)

(n = 170)

 Hazardous alcohol use (N = 1658)

  % (n)

28.1 (356)

–

–

18.0 (72)

32.6 (280)

20.9 (115)

36.7 (202)

23.2 (39)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

–

–

ref.

1.9*** (1.4–2.6)

ref.

1.7** (1.2–2.4)

1.0 (0.5–1.3)

Singletons

(N = 1035)

(n = 392)

(n = 643)

(n = 245)

(n = 787)

(n = 146)

(n = 450)

(n = 439)

 Depressive disorder (N = 1035)

  % (n)

3.9 (40)

2.6 (10)

4.7 (30)

4.9 (12)

3.6 (28)

7.5 (11)

4.0 (18)

2.5 (11)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

1.7 (0.8–3.6)

ref.

0.7 (0.4–1.5)

ref.

0.5 (0.2–1.1)

0.3** (0.1–0.7)

 Depressive symptoms (N = 1030)

  % (n)

9.8 (101)

6.7 (26)

11.7 (75)

5.7 (14)

11.0 (86)

6.2 (9)

10.5 (47)

10.3 (45)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

1.6 (0.98–2.6)

ref.

1.7 (0.9–3.1)

ref.

1.9 (0.8–4.5)

1.6 (0.7–3.6)

 Generalised anxiety disorder (N = 1034)

  % (n)

5.1 (53)

4.1 (16)

5.8 (37)

2.9 (7)

5.9 (46)

4.8 (7)

6.4 (29)

3.9 (17)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

1.3 (0.7–2.6)

ref.

2.3 (0.99–5.3)

ref.

1.7 (0.6–4.7)

0.9 (0.3–2.6)

 PTSD (N = 1035)

  % (n)

5.4 (56)

4.1 (16)

6.2 (40)

4.5 (11)

5.7 (45)

5.5 (8)

7.3 (33)

3.4 (15)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

ref.

1.5 (0.8–2.7)

ref.

1.3 (0.7–2.7)

ref.

1.3 (0.5–3.2)

0.6 (0.2–1.5)

Men only a

(n = 392)

–

–

(n = 101)

(n = 290)

(n = 65)

(n = 143)

(n = 184)

 Hazardous alcohol use (N = 391)

  % (n)

30.9 (121)

–

–

24.0 (24)

33.4 (97)

33.8 (22)

44.8 (64)

19.1 (35)

  AOR (95% CI)

 

–

–

ref.

1.9* (1.1–3.3)

ref.

1.9 (0.9–3.9)

0.5 (0.2–1.1)

  1. Odds ratios adjust for age, gender, education, marital status, ethnicity and financial strain
  2. AOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval; PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  3. p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 aLimited to men only, due to very low prevalence in female group (0.04%, n = 1); AORs adjusted for education and age only
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