From: Trends in cardiovascular risk factors among U.S. men and women with and without diabetes, 1988–2014
Risk actors by sex and diabetes status | NHANES 1988–1994 | NHANES 1999–2002 | NHANES 2003–2006 | NHANES 2007–2010 | NHANES 2011–2014 | P Value for Linear Trend, 1988–1994 to 2011-2014b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 26.44 (26.23–26.66) | 27.48 (27.25–27.71) | 28.07 (27.83–28.31) | 28.27 (28.02–28.51) | 28.14 (27.90–28.37) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 28.06 (27.35–28.78) | 32.43 (30.58–34.28) | 31.81 (30.80–32.83) | 31.89 (30.94–32.84) | 32.69 (31.09–34.29) | <.0001 |
Non-diabetic Women | 26.17 (25.87–26.47) | 27.82 (27.45–28.19) | 28.00 (27.60–28.40) | 28.10 (27.85–28.34) | 28.56 (28.21–28.92) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 31.12 (29.59–32.65) | 33.50 (31.77–35.24) | 34.71 (33.16–36.27) | 34.13 (32.32–35.95) | 34.83 (33.65–36.00) | <.0001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 95.32 (94.87–95.78) | 98.44 (97.86–99.02) | 100.18 (99.51–100.85) | 100.07 (99.38–100.76) | 99.92 (99.31–100.54) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 100.52 (98.49–102.55) | 111.72 (107.33–116.12) | 109.62 (107.20–112.04) | 109.01 (106.11–111.91) | 112.42 (108.49–116.36) | <.0001 |
Non-diabetic Women | 87.97 (87.31–88.64) | 91.68 (90.74–92.62) | 93.31 (92.40–94.22) | 93.85 (93.18–94.52) | 95.37 (94.60–96.14) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 100.46 (97.22–103.70) | 106.74 (103.01–110.47) | 108.63 (105.17–112.09) | 109.25 (105.63–112.86) | 110.24 (107.63–112.86) | <.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 125.23 (124.57–125.89) | 124.33 (123.30–125.35) | 124.26 (123.40–125.11) | 122.79 (122.25–123.34) | 122.59 (121.77–123.41) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 127.91 (125.83–129.99) | 128.19 (124.46–131.93) | 127.61 (125.54–129.67) | 126.13 (124.00–128.26) | 126.81 (124.68–128.95) | 0.0007 |
Non-diabetic Women | 120.20 (119.62–120.78) | 122.11 (121.39–122.83) | 120.81 (120.16–121.47) | 118.12 (117.42–118.82) | 118.64 (117.89–119.39) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 125.31 (123.19–127.44) | 130.71 (127.07–134.34) | 125.74 (123.32–128.15) | 124.66 (122.49–126.84) | 123.52 (121.91–125.13)c | <.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 76.79 (76.37–77.22) | 73.88 (73.20–74.56) | 71.70 (71.15–72.26) | 72.03 (71.31–72.74) | 71.86 (71.03–72.69) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 75.83 (74.64–77.02) | 75.10 (71.73–78.46) | 74.13 (72.06–76.20) | 70.51 (67.78–73.25) | 72.95 (70.85–75.05) | <.0001 |
Non-diabetic Women | 72.28 (71.83–72.72) | 70.84 (70.16–71.52) | 69.41 (68.77–70.05) | 68.40 (67.51–69.29) | 69.67 (68.98–70.36) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 74.16 (73.01–75.31) | 69.87 (66.70–73.03) | 68.48 (66.80–70.16) | 69.42 (67.76–71.08) | 69.61 (68.36–70.86) | <.0001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 5.25 (5.20–5.30) | 5.10 (5.04–5.15) | 5.15 (5.11–5.19) | 5.03 (4.99–5.08) | 4.90 (4.86–4.95) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 5.10 (4.92–5.29) | 5.09 (4.86–5.31) | 5.21 (5.03–5.39) | 4.75 (4.59–4.90) | 4.73 (4.60–4.87) | <.0001 |
Non-diabetic Women | 5.30 (5.26–5.34) | 5.15 (5.10–5.20) | 5.27 (5.23–5.31) | 5.15 (5.11–5.20) | 5.08 (5.04–5.12) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 5.51 (5.38–5.64) | 5.32 (5.11–5.53) | 5.31 (5.11–5.51) | 5.10 (4.96–5.24) | 4.92 (4.83–5.02) | <.0001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 1.20 (1.18–1.22) | 1.20 (1.19–1.22) | 1.27 (1.26–1.29) | 1.23 (1.22–1.25) | 1.26 (1.24–1.28) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 1.14 (1.10–1.18) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1.16 (1.11–1.21) | 1.12 (1.07–1.16) | 1.13 (1.08–1.19) | 0.3028 |
Non-diabetic Women | 1.45 (1.43–1.47) | 1.47 (1.44–1.50) | 1.56 (1.54–1.59) | 1.51 (1.49–1.54) | 1.53 (1.51–1.55) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 1.25 (1.19–1.30) | 1.25 (1.21–1.29) | 1.37 (1.30–1.44) | 1.31 (1.22–1.39) | 1.25 (1.20–1.30) | 0.1507 |
Non- HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 4.05 (4.01–4.10) | 3.89 (3.84–3.94) | 3.88 (3.84–3.92) | 3.80 (3.76–3.84) | 3.64 (3.59–3.69) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 3.96 (3.75–4.17) | 4.01 (3.79–4.24) | 4.05 (3.88–4.22) | 3.63 (3.46–3.79) | 3.60 (3.47–3.74) | <.0001 |
Non-diabetic Women | 3.85 (3.81–3.90) | 3.68 (3.63–3.74) | 3.71 (3.66–3.76) | 3.64 (3.60–3.68) | 3.55 (3.51–3.59) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 4.26 (4.11–4.42) | 4.07 (3.84–4.29) | 3.95 (3.76–4.13) | 3.79 (3.67–3.92) | 3.67 (3.57–3.77) | <.0001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) d | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 1.52 (1.46–1.58) | 1.45 (1.38–1.53) | 1.36 (1.30–1.42) | 1.38 (1.33–1.42) | 1.41 (1.35–1.46) | 0.0062 |
Diabetic Men | 1.67 (1.54–1.81) | 1.89 (1.64–2.13) | 1.71 (1.52–1.89) | 1.55 (1.31–1.79) | 1.78 (1.58–1.99) | 0.0292 |
Non-diabetic Women | 1.32 (1.27–1.37) | 1.31 (1.27–1.35) | 1.22 (1.19–1.26) | 1.23 (1.18–1.27) | 1.22 (1.18–1.27) | 0.0003 |
Diabetic Women | 1.71 (1.54–1.88) | 1.72 (1.48–1.96) | 1.80 (1.47–2.14) | 1.79 (1.56–2.03) | 1.82 (1.65–2.00) | 0.2096 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) d | ||||||
Non-diabetic Men | 3.41 (3.36–3.46) | 3.28 (3.20–3.36) | 3.04 (2.99–3.09) | 3.04 (3.00–3.08) | 2.97 (2.92–3.02) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Men | 3.15 (2.91–3.38) | 3.19 (2.87–3.51) | 2.81 (2.61–3.01) | 2.68 (2.45–2.91) | 2.64 (2.46–2.82) | <.0001 |
Non-diabetic Women | 3.24 (3.17–3.30) | 3.13 (3.07–3.19) | 2.98 (2.93–3.04) | 3.00 (2.95–3.06) | 2.97 (2.93–3.01) | <.0001 |
Diabetic Women | 3.38 (3.23–3.52) | 3.00 (2.83–3.17) | 3.01 (2.76–3.26) | 2.95 (2.70–3.20) | 2.91 (2.75–3.08) | <.0001 |