Systematic review of the relationships between combinations of movement behaviours and health indicators in the early years (0-4 years)

Table 3 The relationship between movement behaviours and fitness

No. of studies	Design	Quality assessment					No. of participants	Absolute effect	Quality
No. of studies	Design	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other	No. of participants	Absolute effect	Quality
Mean baseline age of 4.48 years. Data were collected by cross-sectional (n = 1) study design. Fitness was assessed using the PREFIT fitness test battery, and included cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., 20-m shuttle run), muscular fitness (i.e., handgrip strength and standing long jump), and speed-agility (i.e., 4 × 10-m shuttle run).
1	Cross-sectional^a	Serious risk of bias^b	No serious inconsistency	No serious indirectness	No serious imprecision	Exposure/ indicator gradient^c	307	SB + PA: Replacing SB with LPA was unfavourably associated with standing long jump, and not associated with 20-m shuttle performance, handgrip strength, or 4 × 10-m shuttle performance. Replacing SB with MPA was not associated with 20-m shuttle performance, handgrip strength, standing long jump, or 4 × 10-m shuttle performance. Replacing SB with VPA was favourably associated with 20-m shuttle performance, standing long jump, and 4 × 10-m shuttle performance, and not associated with handgrip strength.	VERY LOW^d

LPA light-intensity physical activity, MPA moderate-intensity physical activity, MVPA moderate- to vigorous-intensity activity, PA physical activity, SB sedentary behaviour, TPA total physical activity, VPA vigorous-intensity physical activity
^a Includes 1 cross-sectional study [32]
^b Serious risk of bias. This study used convenience sampling for recruitment. As well, the analysis relied on predictive modelling (i.e., isotemporal substitution) instead of explanatory modelling (e.g., linear regression)
^c Exposure/indicator gradient. A gradient for higher TPA, MVPA, VPA with higher fitness was observed
^d Quality of evidence was downgraded from “low” to “very low” due to serious risk of bias; because of this limitation, was not upgraded for an exposure/indicator gradient

ISSN: 1471-2458