| 40-59 yr | ≥60 yr | p a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | (No. participants = 88,749) | (No. participants = 67,998) | |||
 | n | % | n | % |  |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Men | 42,961 | 48.41 | 28,734 | 42.26 | <0.001 |
 Women | 45,788 | 51.59 | 39,264 | 57.74 |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 With spouse | 72,945 | 82.19 | 43,552 | 64.05 | <0.001 |
 Separated | 4459 | 5.02 | 1746 | 2.57 |  |
 Divorced | 4698 | 5.29 | 1081 | 1.59 |  |
 Widowed | 3474 | 3.91 | 21,286 | 31.3 |  |
 Never married | 3173 | 3.58 | 333 | 0.49 |  |
Employment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 4527 | 5.1 | 22,956 | 33.76 | <0.001 |
 Yes | 84,170 | 94.84 | 45,029 | 66.22 |  |
 Unknown | 52 | 0.06 | 13 | 0.02 |  |
Occupational categories | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Manual | 31,572 | 35.57 | 21,798 | 32.06 | <0.001 |
 Non-manual | 33,635 | 37.9 | 5012 | 7.37 |  |
 Unemployed/otherb | 23,490 | 26.47 | 41,175 | 60.55 |  |
 Unknown | 52 | 0.06 | 13 | 0.02 |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 College or more | 19,617 | 22.1 | 3384 | 4.98 | <0.001 |
 High school | 36,308 | 40.91 | 8389 | 12.34 |  |
 Middle school | 16,603 | 18.71 | 8492 | 12.49 |  |
 Elementary School | 13,192 | 14.86 | 23,112 | 33.99 |  |
 Non-educated | 3029 | 3.41 | 24,621 | 36.21 |  |
Income (Korean 10,000won/month)c | |||||
 4.01 million won or more | 17,966 | 20.24 | 4418 | 6.5 | <0.001 |
 4 million won or less | 11,184 | 12.6 | 3097 | 4.55 |  |
 3 million won or less | 20,672 | 23.29 | 7242 | 10.65 |  |
 2 million won or less | 21,260 | 23.96 | 13,571 | 19.96 |  |
 1 million won or less | 14,562 | 16.41 | 37,459 | 55.09 |  |
 Unknown | 3105 | 3.5 | 2211 | 3.25 |  |
Residence locationd | |||||
 County | 27,708 | 31.22 | 32,409 | 47.66 | <0.001 |
 Small city | 26,235 | 29.56 | 17,741 | 26.09 |  |
 Middle city | 9543 | 10.75 | 4137 | 6.08 |  |
 Metropolitan | 25,263 | 28.47 | 13,711 | 20.16 |  |
No. of chronic diseases | |||||
 0 | 57,127 | 64.37 | 16,685 | 24.54 | <0.001 |
 1 | 21,076 | 23.75 | 19,853 | 29.2 |  |
 2 | 7351 | 8.28 | 15,520 | 22.82 |  |
 3 | 2332 | 2.63 | 9505 | 13.98 |  |
4  or more | 863 | 0.97 | 6435 | 9.46 |  |
Multiple chronic diseases | |||||
 No (chronic diseases 0–1) | 78,203 | 88.12 | 36,538 | 53.73 | <0.001 |
 Yes (chronic diseases ≥2) | 10,546 | 11.88 | 31,460 | 46.27 |  |
Depressive symptoms | |||||
 No (CES-D-Ke 0–15) | 80,234 | 90.41 | 56,219 | 82.68 | <0.001 |
 Yes (CES-D-Ke ≥ 16) | 8515 | 9.59 | 11,779 | 17.32 |  |
 CES-D-K (median, IQR) | 3 | 1-3 | 5 | 2-12 | <0.001 |
Depression diagnosed by physicians | |||||
 No | 86,291 | 97.23 | 65,567 | 96.42 | <0.001 |
 Yes | 2458 | 2.77 | 2431 | 3.58 |  |