Table 4 Associated factors of disability among older adult 60 years and above in Malaysia (n = 3794)
Variables | Prevalence (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Wald | Adjusted ORa (95%CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Locality | Urban | 38.44 (35.60, 41.37) | R | |||
Rural | 44.04 (40.55, 47.60) | 1.14 (1.00, 1.30) | ||||
Sex | Male | 36.53 (33.23, 39.96) | R | |||
Female | 43.35 (40.31, 46.45) | 1.17 (1.03, 1.34) | ||||
Ethnicity | Malay | 39.76 (36.76, 42.84) | R | |||
Chinese | 36.09 (31.88, 40.51) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.19) | ||||
Indian | 40.74 (32.82, 49.16) | 1.05 (0.80, 1.39) | ||||
Other Bumiputera | 56.46 (49.04, 63.61) | 2.05 (1.59, 2.66) | ||||
Others | 39.89 (24.11, 58.09) | 0.76 (0.42, 1.35) | ||||
Marital status | Single | 46.13 (31.71, 61.24) | R | |||
Married | 35.25 (32.51, 38.09) | 0.75 (0.49, 1.17) | ||||
Widow/Widower | 50.59 (46.61, 54.56) | 1.33 (0.85, 2.08) | ||||
Household income | Poorest 20% | 43.57 (39.48, 47.74) | 1.44 (1.16, 1.78) | |||
Poor 20% | 40.88 (36.41, 45.50) | 1.18 (0.94, 1.48) | ||||
Middle income | 37.63 (32.29, 43.29) | 1.14 (0.89, 1.45) | ||||
Rich 20% | 36.86 (30.96, 43.18) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.42) | ||||
Richest 20% | 37.50 (32.15, 43.18) | R | ||||
Education level | No formal education | 56.68 (51.89, 61.15) | 3.90 (2.71, 5.61) | 12.83 | 2.81 (1.60, 4.96) | <0.001 |
Completed Primary Education | 40.87 (37.83, 43.99) | 2.06 (1.45, 2.92) | 4.25 | 1.62 (1.02, 2.55) | 0.28 | |
Completed Secondary Education | 29.41 (25.35, 33.82) | 1.28 (0.89, 1.85) | 0.00 | 0.99 (0.62, 1.61) | 0.99 | |
Completed Tertiary Education | 18.73 (12.96, 26.30) | R | R | |||
Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 43.33 (39.81, 46.82) | 1.24 (1.08, 1.42) | |||
No | 38.02 (35.14, 40.99) | R | ||||
Hypertension | Yes | 42.34 (39.60,45.13) | 1.21 (1.05, 1.40) | |||
No | 34.86 (31.13, 38.58) | R | ||||
Hypercholesterolemia | Yes | 39.87 (37.19,42.61) | 1.20 (1.05, 1.38) | |||
No | R | |||||
Body mass index | Normal | 36.48 (33.11, 40.00) | R | |||
Underweight | 55.00 (44.52, 65.07) | 1.98 (1.46, 2.69) | ||||
Overweight | 35.15 (31.15, 39.47) | 0.90 (0.76, 1.05) | ||||
Obese | 32.58 (27.78, 37.79) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.13) | ||||
Mental health problems | Yes | 34.38 (27.91,4.48) | 1.69 (1.32, 2.15) | 14.01 | 1.68 (1.28, 2.20) | <0.001 |
No | 28.42 (24.74, 32.42) | R | R | |||
Physical inactivity | Yes | 53.07 (49.71,56.40) | 2.98 (2.60, 3.42) | 28.98 | 1.94 (1.52, 2.47) | <0.001 |
No | 27.54 (24.77, 30.49) | R | R | |||
Current smoker | Yes | 33.47 (28.07,39.35) | 0.72 (0.59, 0.87) | 4.65 | 0.68 (0.48, 0.97) | 0.03 |
No | 40.98 (38.48, 43.52) | R | R | |||
Current drinker | Yes | 23.00 (15.02,33.54) | 0.39 (0.24, 0.64) | |||
No | 40.67 (38.35, 43.04) | R |