Table 1 Mitigation measures with health effects. Household mitigation measures exerting an established and scientifically proven health co-benefit on the individual, together with the strength and direction of the effect

H.1.1 Insulate your roof/ attic.

<1 month

+

Reduced cold-related health problems (including improved mental well-being), and lung and heart disease

H.1.2 Insulate your walls.

<1 month

+

Reduced cold-related health problems (including improved mental well-being), and lung and heart disease

H.1.3 Improve your windows (increase glazing of your windows).

<1 month

+

Reduced cold-related health problems (including improved mental well-being), and lung and heart disease

H.2.3 Lower in-house temperature by 3 °C

<1 month

-

Some increase in risk of cold-related health problems if winter indoor temperatures fall below around 18 °C

F.2.1 Eat 30% more vegetarian food (less meat and fish).

> 3 months

+++

Reduced risk of heart disease and some cancers

F.2.2 Eat 60% more vegetarian food (less meat and fish).

> 3 months

+++

Reduced risk of heart disease and some cancers

F.2.3 Become a vegetarian (stop eating meat and fish).

> 3 months

+++

Reduced risk of heart disease and some cancers

F.3.1Gradually give up on ready-made meals (e.g. frozen pizza, canned soups, frozen lasagne).

1–3 months

++

Reduced risk of stroke, heart disease and some cancers

M.1.1 Shift significantly (more than 30%) from car to public transport (bus, tramway, metro, train).

1–3 months

++

Reduced risk of heart disease, some cancers, diabetes, obesity and dementia;

Neg: Increased in risk of road injury

M.1.2 Shift to non-motorized modes of transport (walk, bike) instead of public transport.

1–3 months

++

Reduced risk of heart disease, some cancers, diabetes, obesity and dementia;

Neg: Increased in risk of road injury

M.2.2 Decrease your travels with cars public transport and other motorized vehicles by 30%.

1–3 months

++

Reduced risk of heart disease, some cancers, diabetes, obesity and dementia;

Neg: Increased in risk of road injury

M.2.3 Give up your car(s) and other motorized vehicle(s)

1–3 months

++

Reduced risk of heart disease, some cancers, diabetes, obesity and dementia

Neg: Increased in risk of road injury