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Table 3 Age at First Birth and CVD – Case Control Studies (N = 6), by Year of Publication

From: Age at first birth and risk of later-life cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the literature, its limitation, and recommendations for future research

Case control studies

First author, publication year

Age at first birth

Exposure cases: N (%)

Exposure controls

N (%)

Point estimate (+CI) a

Base model

Point estimate (+CI) a

Final model

Adjusted for or matched on. If underlined, also adjusted in base model.

Notes on study considerations and limitations.

Beard

1984 [23]

< 20

Data not provided

Data not provided

 

1.9 (0.7–5.6)

D: age; SE: - BM: HT, DM; HB: smoking; R: -

No data on number of individuals per exposure group. Likely number for <20 group is small.

20–24

1.8 (1.1–3.3)

≥25/n.a. b

1 (Ref)

La Vecchia

1987 [31]

< 20

21 (10.4)

23 (6.1)

 

2.31 (1.1–4.9)

c D: age; SE: - BM: - HB: - R: -

Nulliparous group includes young women who did not have children yet.

20–24

71 (35.1)

117 (31.3)

1.47 (0.9–2.4)

≥ 25

75 (37.1)

111(29.7)

1.39 (0.8–2.4)

Nullipara

35 (17.3)

123 (32.9)

1 (ref)

Talbott [37]

1989

<20

14 (26.9)

7 (10.3)

3.4 (1.1–9.9)

2.5 (0.5–12.8)

D: age at demise (base model) SE: - BM: - HB: smoking (final model); R: -

No adjustment for age in final model, despite much younger controls. Small sample size. Caucasian-only controls; no race/ethnicity information for cases.

≥ 20

38 (73.1)

61 (89.7)

Palmer

1992 [34]

< 18

34 (4.5)

5 (0.7)

6.8

5.5 (1.7–17)

D: marital status (and age-matched); SE: education, education spouse, occupation; BM: drug-treated HT, elevated serum cholesterol, drug-treated DM, family history MI, BMI; HB: smoking, coffee, alcohol, physical activity; R: conjugated estrogen use, age menarche, parity, menopausal status

Extensive adjustment in final model

18

33 (4.3)

31 (4.2)

1.2

1.1 (0.6–2.2)

19

65 (8.5)

39 (5.3)

1.6

1.6 (0.9–2.8)

20–24

376 (49.4)

366 (49.4)

1

1 (ref)

25–29

177 (23.3)

224 (30.2)

0.7

0.8 (0.6–1.1)

30–34

61 (8.0)

58 (7.8)

1.0

1.3 (0.8–2.2)

≥ 35

15 (2.0)

18 (2.4)

0.8

1 (0.4–2.9)

<20

132 (17.3)

75 (10.1)

CI not provided

1.7 (1.1–2.6)

≥ 20

629 (82.7)

666 (89.9)

1 (ref)

Okamoto

2001 [33]

< 27

61 (49.0)

146 (58.8)

 

1 (ref)

D: age; SE: educational level; BM: hypertension; HB: smoking; R: -

Cut-off for youngest group <27

≥ 27

63 (51.0)

102 (41.2)

 

1.45 (0.9–2.3)

Bertuccio

2007 [24]

< 20

58 (11.4)

73 (8.6)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

D: age, study; SE: education; BM: BMI, Cholesterol, DM, obesity, HLD, HT; HB: Smoking, coffee, alcohol; R: parity, MP, HRT, family history AMI

Extensive adjustment in final model

20–24

207 (40.7)

342 (40.1)

0.72 (0.5–1.1)

0.90 (0.6–1.4)

25–29

172 (33.9)

319 (37.4)

0.65 (0.4–0.97)

0.92 (0.6–1.5)

≥ 30

71 (14.0)

118 (13.9)

0.70 (0.4–1.1)

0.94 (0.6–1.6)

  1. D demographics, SE Socio-economic, BM Biomedical, HB Health behavior, R Reproductive, HT hypertension, DM diabetes mellitus, MI myocardial infarction, AMI acute myocardial infraction, BMI body mass index, HLD hyperlipidemia, MP menopause, HRT hormone replacement therapy
  2. aRisk estimates used: Relative risk: Beard, La Vecchia, Talbot, Palmer. Odds ratio: Okamoto, Bertuccio
  3. bAnalysis with 25+ and never pregnant separately showed the same risk for those two groups, which is why the authors combined them
  4. cAuthors indicate that a multivariate model yielded the same/similar results
  5. The bold data indicate significant results
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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