| Equateur Province, DRC | Chimaltenango, Guatemala | N Karnataka, India | Thatta, Pakistan | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | UW (n = 264) | NW (n = 1378) | OW (n = 99) | p-value* | UW (n = 21) | NW (n = 838) | OW (n = 836) | p-value* | UW (n = 677) | NW (n = 968) | OW (n = 178) | p-value* | UW (n = 704) | NW (n = 1182) | OW (n = 122) | p-value* |
Maternal age categories, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||
 15–18 y | 44 (16.7) | 342 (24.8) | 12 (12.1) | 0.0026 | 3 (14.3) | 91 (10.9) | 42 (5.0) | <0.0001 | 121 (17.9) | 134 (13.8) | 21 (11.8) | <0.0001 | 121 (17.2) | 145 (12.3) | 8 (6.6) | <0.0001 |
 19–24 y | 112 (42.4) | 556 (40.3) | 43 (43.4) | 13 (61.9) | 402 (48.0) | 296 (35.4) | 438 (64.7) | 579 (59.8) | 84 (47.2) | 307 (43.6) | 450 (38.1) | 34 (27.9) | ||||
 25–37 y | 108 (40.9) | 480 (34.8) | 44 (44.4) | 5 (23.8) | 345 (41.2) | 498 (59.6) | 118 (17.4) | 255 (26.3) | 73 (41.0) | 276 (39.2) | 587 (49.7) | 80 (65.6) | ||||
Parity categories, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||
 0 | 64 (24.2) | 420 (30.5) | 29 (29.3) | 0.33 | 2 (9.5) | 65 (7.8) | 68 (8.1) | 0.84 | 240 (35.5) | 306 (31.6) | 56 (31.5) | 0.0069 | 274 (38.9) | 444 (37.6) | 40 (32.8) | 0.10 |
 1–2 | 123 (46.6) | 603 (43.8) | 46 (46.5) | 12 (57.1) | 539 (64.3) | 517 (61.8) | 414 (61.2) | 589 (60.8) | 113 (63.5) | 246 (34.9) | 368 (31.1) | 41 (33.6) | ||||
 ≥ 3 | 77 (29.2) | 355 (25.8) | 24 (24.2) | 7 (33.3) | 234 (27.9) | 251 (30.0) | 23 (3.4) | 73 (7.5) | 9 (5.1) | 184 (26.1) | 370 (31.3) | 41 (33.6) | ||||
Maternal education categorized, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||
 No formal schooling | 68 (25.8) | 288 (20.9) | 15 (15.2) | 0.0001 | 1 (4.8) | 70 (8.4) | 66 (7.9) | 0.65 | 49 (7.2) | 82 (8.5) | 8 (4.5) | 0.29 | 589 (83.7) | 975 (82.5) | 75 (61.5) | <0.0001 |
 Primary | 153 (58.0) | 802 (58.2) | 46 (46.5) | 12 (57.1) | 567 (67.7) | 569 (68.1) | 101 (14.9) | 151 (15.6) | 23 (12.9) | 77 (10.9) | 134 (11.4) | 24 (19.7) | ||||
 Secondary + | 43 (16.3) | 288 (20.9) | 38 (38.4) | 8 (38.1) | 201 (24.0) | 201 (24.0) | 527 (77.8) | 735 (75.9) | 147 (82.6) | 38 (5.4) | 73 (6.2) | 23 (18.9) | ||||
Tally of indicators of higher SESb | ||||||||||||||||
 0 indicators present | 162 (61.4) | 690 (50.1) | 32 (32.3) | <0.0001 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0008 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.0001 | 23 (3.3) | 32 (2.7) | 1 (0.8) | <0.0001 |
 1–2 present | 99 (37.5) | 668 (48.5) | 62 (62.6) | 4 (19.0) | 118 (14.1) | 70 (8.4) | 83 (12.3) | 91 (9.4) | 10 (5.6) | 350 (49.7) | 516 (43.6) | 27 (22.1) | ||||
 3–4 present | 3 (1.1) | 20 (1.5) | 5 (5.1) | 14 (66.7) | 478 (57.0) | 473 (56.6) | 458 (67.7) | 623 (64.4) | 96 (53.9) | 238 (33.8) | 434 (36.7) | 49 (40.2) | ||||
 5–6 present | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (14.3) | 240 (28.6) | 293 (35.0) | 136 (20.1) | 254 (26.2) | 72 (40.4) | 93 (13.2) | 200 (16.9) | 45 (36.9) |