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Table 1 The proportion of products with manufacturer stated serving sizes that are equal to, less than, or greater than the Schedule M reference amounts and recommended ranges

From: Unregulated serving sizes on the Canadian nutrition facts table – an invitation for manufacturer manipulations

Food group

Number

Schedule M Reference Amountsa

CFIA Recommended Serving Size Rangesb

< reference amount

═ reference amount

> reference amount

< recommended serving size

within recommended serving size

> recommended serving size

Among products within the recommended range

Lower-half

Upper-half

Bakery Products

 1. Bread

183

67 (37%)

15 (8%)

101 (55%)

2 (1%)

135 (74%)

46 (25%)

65 (48%)

70 (52%)

 2. Bagels, tea biscuits, scones etc.

227

84 (37%)

6 (3%)

137 (60%)

3 (1%)

221 (98%)

3 (1%)

123 (56%)

98 (44%)

 7. Coffee cakes, doughnuts, danishes etc.

89

42 (47%)

6 (7%)

41 (46%)

27 (30%)

57 (64%)

5 (6%)

55 (96%)

2 (4%)

 8. Cookies, graham wafers

294

116 (39%)

63 (22%)

115 (39%)

116 (40%)

166 (56%)

12 (4%)

139 (84%)

27 (16%)

 9. Crackers, hard bread sticks etc.

238

54 (23%)

83 (35%)

101 (42%)

7 (3%)

220 (92%)

11 (5%)

184 (84%)

36 (16%)

 14. Croutons

53

0 (0%)

41 (77%)

12 (23%)

0 (0%)

51 (96%)

2 (4%)

46 (90%)

5 (10%)

 15. French toast, pancakes, and waffles

93

87 (94%)

5 (5%)

1 (1%)

0 (0%)

92 (99%)

1 (1%)

67 (73%)

25 (27%)

 17. Grain-based bars with filling and coating

85

38 (45%)

20 (23%)

27 (32%)

0 (0%)

85 (100%)

0 (0%)

79 (93%)

6 (7%)

 18. Rice cakes and corn cakes

62

39 (63%)

2 (3%)

21 (34%)

2 (3%)

54 (87%)

6 (10%)

39 (73%)

15 (27%)

 19. Pies, tarts, cobblers, turnovers

94

66 (70%)

6 (6%)

22 (24%)

16 (17%)

77 (82%)

1 (1%)

35 (45%)

42 (55%)

Cereals and Other Grain Products

 28. Hot breakfast cereals

57

32 (56%)

5 (9%)

20 (35%)

4 (7%)

33 (58%)

20 (35%)

12 (36%)

21 (64%)

 30. Breakfast cereals without fruit or nuts

85

19 (22%)

51 (60%)

15 (18%)

0 (0%)

85 (100%)

0 (0%)

78 (93%)

7 (7%)

 31. Breakfast cereals with fruit and nuts

145

52 (36%)

66 (46%)

27 (18%)

26 (18%)

119 (82%)

0 (0%)

119 (100%)

0 (0%)

 34. Grains, such as rice or barley

85

10 (12%)

44 (52%)

31 (36%)

0 (0%)

54 (64%)

31 (36%)

7 (13%)

47 (87%)

 35. Pastas without sauce

383

58 (15%)

290 (76%)

35 (9%)

7 (2%)

376 (98%)

0 (0%)

37 (10%)

339 (90%)

Dairy Products and Substitutes

 39. Cheese

380

106 (28%)

246 (65%)

28 (7%)

23 (6%)

357 (94%)

0 (0%)

352 (99%)

5 (1%)

 43. Quark, fresh cheese and fresh dairy desserts

63

62 (98%)

1 (2%)

0 (0%)

57 (90%)

6 (10%)

0 (0%)

6 (100%)

0 (0%)

 49. Plant-based beverages

138

33 (24%)

102 (74%)

3 (2%)

5 (4%)

130 (94%)

3 (2%)

3 (2%)

127 98%)

 52. Yogurt

95

68 (72%)

27 (38%)

0 (0%)

30 (32%)

65 (68%)

0 (0%)

65 (100%)

0 (0%)

Desserts

 53. Ice cream, ice milk, frozen yogurt, sherbet

282

11 (4%)

269 (95%)

2 (1%)

0 (0%)

282 (100%)

0 (0%)

282 (100%)

0 (0%)

 54. Dairy desserts, frozen

97

78 (80%)

6 (6%)

13 (14%)

15 (15%)

82 (85%)

0 (0%)

55 (67%)

27 (33%)

Fats and Oils

 64. Butter, margarine, shortening, lard

91

2 (2%)

88 (97%)

1 (1%)

0 (0%)

91 (100%)

0 (0%)

91 (100%)

0 (0%)

 65. Vegetable oil

105

0 (0%)

82 (78%)

23 (22%)

0 (0%)

105 (100%)

0 (0%)

82 (78%)

23 (22%)

 67. Dressings for salad

227

209 (92%)

18 (8%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

227 (100%)

0 (0%)

209 (92%)

18 (8%)

Marine and Fresh Water Animals

 72. Marine and fresh water animals

132

94 (71%)

13 (10%)

25 (19%)

15 (12%)

94 (71%)

23 (17%)

94 (100%)

0 (0%)

 73. Marine and fresh water animals, canned

116

11 (9%)

16 (14%)

89 (77%)

1 (1%)

106 (91%)

9 (8%)

65 (61%)

41 (39%)

 Fruits and Fruit Juices

 75. Fruit, fresh, canned or frozen

168

129 (77%)

9 (5%)

30 (18%)

7 (4%)

161 (96%)

0 (0%)

122 (76%)

39 (24%)

 77. Dried fruit

69

10 (14%)

47 (68%)

12 (18%)

4 (6%)

53 (77%)

12 (17%)

4 (8%)

49 (92%)

 83. Juices, nectars and fruit drinks

554

155 (28%)

399 (72%)

0 (0%)

82 (15%)

472 (85%)

0 (0%)

63 (13%)

409 (87%)

Legumes

 86. Beans, peas and lentils

78

27 (35%)

50 (64%)

1 (1%)

0 (0%)

77 (99%)

1 (1%)

21 (27%)

56 (73%)

Meat, Poultry, Their Products and Substitutes

 90. Luncheon meats

107

26 (24%)

24 (23%)

57 (53%)

0 (0%)

105 (98%)

2 (2%)

24 (23%)

81 (77%)

 91. Sausages

102

36 (35%)

9 (9%)

57 (56%)

0 (0%)

98 (96%)

4 (4%)

59 (60%)

39 (40%)

 93. Patties, cutlettes, chopettes etc.

103

14 (14%)

27 (26%)

62 (60%)

5 (5%)

65 (63%)

33 (32%)

39 (60%)

26 (40%)

 96. Meat and poultry with sauce

106

80 (75%)

12 (12%)

14 (13%)

6 (6%)

92 (87%)

8 (7%)

54 (59%)

38 (41%)

Miscellaneous category

 99. Bread crumbs and batter mixes

151

22 (15%)

12 (8%)

117 (77%)

3 (2%)

145 (96%)

3 (2%)

56 (39%)

89 (61%)

Combination Dishes

 107. Measurable

366

175 (48%)

27 (7%)

164 (45%)

76 (21%)

282 (77%)

8 (2%)

218 (77%)

64 (23%)

 108. Not measurable

304

144 (48%)

13 (4%)

147 (48%)

25 (8%)

266 (88%)

13 (4%)

223 (84%)

43 (16%)

 109. Hor d’oeuvres

104

39 (38%)

6 (6%)

59 (56%)

2 (2%)

74 (71%)

28 (27%)

57 (77%)

17 (23%)

Nuts and Seeds

 110. Nuts and seeds

67

3 (4%)

24 (36%)

40 (60%)

3 (4%)

64 (96%)

0 (0%)

64 (100%)

0 (0%)

Sauces, Dips, Gravies and Condiments

 120. Sauces for dipping

117

2 (2%)

112 (96%)

3 (2%)

0 (0%)

114 (97%)

3 (3%)

114 (100%)

0 (0%)

 121. Dips

92

36 (39%)

18 (20%)

38 (41%)

1 (1%)

91 (99%)

0 (0%)

82 (90%)

9 (10%)

 122. Major main entree sauce

145

20 (14%)

125 (86%)

0 (0%)

11 (8%)

134 (92%)

0 (0%)

134 (100%)

0 (0%)

 123. Minor main entree sauce

102

39 (38%)

55 (54%)

8 (8%)

36 (35%)

63 (62%)

3 (3%)

61 (97%)

2 (3%)

 124. Major condiments

100

1 (1%)

97 (97%)

2 (2%)

0 (0%)

100 (100%)

0 (0%)

98 (98%)

2 (2%)

 125. Minor condiments

48

0 (0%)

45 (94%)

3 (6%)

0 (0%)

45 (94%)

3 (6%)

45 (100%)

0 (0%)

Snacks

 126. Chips, pretzels, popcorn, extruded snacks

375

147 (39%)

228 (61%)

0 (0%)

82 (22%)

293 (78%)

0 (0%)

293 (100%)

0 (0%)

 127. Nuts or seeds for use as snacks

88

19 (22%)

66 (75%)

3 (3%)

3 (3%)

82 (94%)

3 (3%)

82 (100%)

0 (0%)

 Sugars and Sweets

 137. Jams, jellies, marmalades etc.

145

0 (0%)

143 (99%)

2 (1%)

0 (0%)

143 (99%)

2 (1%)

143 (100%)

0 (0%)

 141. syrups

50

34 (68%)

15 (30%)

1 (2%)

9 (18%)

40 (80%)

1 (2%)

25 (63%)

15 (37%)

Vegetables

 150. Pickles

54

20 (37%)

28 (52%)

6 (11%)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

All Food Groups

7494

2616 (35%)

3162 (42%)

1716 (23%)

756 (10%)

6429 (86%)

300 (4%)

4470 (70%)

1959 (30%)

  1. aSchedule M of the Nutrition Labelling regulations3 lists reference amounts that are used as the basis for determining qualifying/disqualifying criteria for nutrient content claims and health claims. Their use on the Nutrition Facts table is not mandatory and manufacturers can determine the serving size used on the Nutrition Facts table
  2. bThe CFIA guide suggests recommended serving size ranges for each Schedule M food category, but manufacturer’s adherence to these ranges is not mandatory [13]