Table 5 Maternal gestational diabetes (GDM) and its risk factors predicting physical activity and fitness among adolescents. Mean differences (95% CI) of physical activity (METh/week) and cardiorespiratory fitness (ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) in adolescents exposed to maternal GDM or risk factors compared with offspring of mothers with no risk factors for GDM

Physical activity (METh/week)

N = 3144

N = 457

N = 135

N = 74

1

Mean 31.7 (SD 17.0)

−1.6 (−3.3;0.0)

−2.4 (−5.3;0.5)

−1.6 (−5.5;2.3)

2

−1.8 (−3.4;-0.1)*

−1.8 (−4.7;1.1)

−1.4 (−5.3;2.5)

3a

−1.6 (−3.3;0.1)

−1.4 (−4.4;1.6)

−0.9(−4.8;3.0)

3b

−1.8 (−3.5;-0.2)*

−1.6 (−4.5;1.3)

−1.1 (−4.9;2.8)

3c

−1.6 (−3.3;0.0)

−1.5 (−4.4;1.4)

−1.2 (−5.1;2.6)

Cardiorespiratory fitness (ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹)

N = 2528

N = 371

N = 109

N = 65

1

Mean 43.2 (SD 11.4)

−0.7 (−1.7;0.3)

−1.7 (−3.3;0.0)

−2.3 (−4.4;-0.1)*

2

−0.7 (−1.7;0.2)

−1.5 (−3.2;0.2)

−2.2 (−4.4;0.0)*

3a

−0.6 (−1.5;0.4)

−1.3 (−3.0;0.5)

−1.7 (−3.9;0.5)

3b

−0.7 (−1.7;0.2)

−1.5 (−3.2;0.2)

−2.1 (−4.3;0.0)

3c

−0.5 (−1.4;0.4)

0.1 (−1.5;1.8)

−1.1 (−3.1;1.0)