Measure of association
|
Individual-level factors
|
Maternal age
|
15–24
| |
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
25–34
| |
0.59(0.48–0.72)
|
0.61(0.50–0.74)
|
0.63(0,50–0.79)
|
35+
| |
0.51(0.38–0.67)
|
0.53(0.40–0.69)
|
0.55(0.40–0.74)
|
Maternal education
|
No education
| |
2.68(1.99–3.50)
|
2.12(1.58–2.78)
|
2.14(1.59–2.86)
|
Primary
| |
1.413(1.13–1.75)
|
1.39(1.11–1.72)
|
1.42(1.14–1.76)
|
Secondary/higher
| |
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
Wealth index
|
Poor
| |
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
Middle
| |
0.57(0.43–0.75)
|
0.72(0.52–0.99)
|
0.76(0.55–1.03)
|
Rich
| |
0.29(0.20–0.39)
|
0.44(0.31–0.64)
|
0.48(0.32–0.69)
|
Marital status
| | | | |
Never married
| |
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
Ever married
| |
1.37(0.94–2.08)
|
1.30(0.83–1.89)
|
1.38(0.77–2.27)
|
Maternal occupation
|
Not working
| |
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
Working
| |
0.93(0.77–1.14)
|
1.02(0.83–1.22)
|
1.02(0.83–1.23)
|
Sex of child
|
Male (vs female)
| |
0.93(0.78–1.09)
|
0.92(0.78–1.08)
|
0.92(0.78–1.09)
|
Birth order
|
1st -3rd order
| |
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
4th -6th order
| |
1.51(1.24–1.85)
|
1.56(1.27–1.90)
|
1.53(1.24–1.86)
|
7th + order
| |
1.49(1.07–2.03)
|
1.50(1.06–2.07)
|
1.46(1.02–2.02)
|
Size of child at birth
|
Large
| |
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
Average
| |
1.11(0.92–1.32)
|
1.10(0.93–1.29)
|
1.13(0.94–1.35)
|
Small
| |
1.30(0.97–1.68)
|
1.28(0.98–1.64)
|
1.32(1.002–1.72)
|
Exposure to media
|
Never exposed
| |
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
Exposed
| |
0.92(0.75–1.14)
|
0.99(0.79–1.24)
|
1.03(0.79–1.31)
|
Antenatal care
| | | | |
Never attended
| |
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
Attended
| |
0.45(0.37–0.54)
|
0.48(0.38–0.58)
|
0.49(0.39–0.60)
|
Place of delivery
|
Home
| |
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
Health facility
| |
0.57(0.46–0.69)
|
0.61(0.49–0.75)
|
0.62(0.51–0.74)
|
Community-level factors
|
Residence
|
Urban(vs Rural)
| | |
0.67(0.52–0.84)
|
0.66(0.50–0.82)
|
Getting to health facility
| | | | |
Not a problem
| | |
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
A problem
| | |
1.25(0.99–1.54)
|
1.28(1.02–1.57)
|
Ethnicity diversity index
| | |
0.99(0.95–1.03)
|
0.99(0.95–1.03)
|
Socioeconomic disadvantage
| | | | |
Tertile 1(least disadvantaged)
| | |
1 (reference)
|
1 (reference)
|
Tertile 2
| | |
1.53(1.17–2.02)
|
1.44(1.09–1.88)
|
Tertile 3 (most disadvantaged)
| | |
3.69(2.09–6.50)
|
2.93(1.60–4.71)
|
State-level factors
|
Socioeconomic disadvantage
|
Tertile 1(least disadvantaged)
| | | |
1 (reference)
|
Tertile 2
| | | |
0.88(0.57–1.28)
|
Tertile 3 (most disadvantaged)
| | | |
2.69(1.37–4.73)
|
Measures of variation
|
State level
| | | | |
Variance (SE)
|
2.270(1.330–3.730)
|
0.388(0.179–0.740)
|
0.282(0.113–0.567)
|
0.205(0.081–0.412)
|
Explained variation (%)
|
Reference
|
82.9
|
87.6
|
91.0
|
ICC (%)
|
31.80
|
8.76
|
6.36
|
4.72
|
MOR
|
4.18
|
1.81
|
1.66
|
1.54
|
Community level
| | | | |
Variance (SE)
|
1.578(1.216–1.979)
|
0.752(0.512–1.013)
|
0.863(0.610–1.144)
|
0.838(0.598–1.104)
|
Explained variation (%)
|
Reference
|
52.3
|
45.3
|
46.9
|
ICC (%)
|
53.91
|
25.74
|
25.82
|
24.06
|
MOR
|
3.30
|
2.28
|
2.42
|
2.39
|
Model fit statistics
|
Bayesian DIC
|
4791
|
4581
|
4542
|
4540
|