Table 1 Description of survey scales and sample questions
Scale | Number of items | Sample questions (responses on 5 point Likert Scales) | Cronbach’s alpha |
|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices | |||
 Knowledge | 7 | I believe that washing hands with water ONLY after using the bathroom is enough to protect from disease | 0.426 |
I think that if someone does NOT wash their hands with water and soap before eating it can lead to serious diseases | |||
 Perceived Severity | 1 | If I got a worm infection, I would find this very serious | n/a |
 Perceived importance of washing | 7 | How important is it to wash hands with water and soap/mud/ash before eating | 0.893 |
How important is it to treat water before washing/bathing | |||
 Frequency of washing | 8 | How frequently do you wash your hands with water and soap/mud/ash before eating | 0.847 |
How frequently do you wash your hands with water and soap/mud/ash after using the toilet/latrine | |||
 Frequency of unhygienic behaviour | 7 | In the past 3 months, how often did you eat food without washing your hands first | 0.798 |
In the past 3Â months, how often did you defecate outside and not use a latrine when one was available | |||
Self-Efficacy | |||
 Self-efficacy to wash | 2 | How difficult is it to wash using soap/mud/ash after using the toilet/latrine | 0.715 |
 Intention to wash | 2 | How likely is it that you will use soap/mud/ash next time you use the latrine | 0.736 |
 intention to use toilet | 1 | How likely is it that you will use a toilet/latrine next time you need one, if one is available | n/a |
Science interest and motivation | |||
 Pros towards science | 9 | The science I learn is relevant to my life | 0.867 |
In science, I think it is important to learn to solve problems | |||
 Cons towards science | 3 | I think science is boring | 0.678 |
I think that the science I learn about in school is not helpful in everyday life | |||
Communication | |||
 Communication: hygiene | 5 | How often do you discuss washing hands after urinating and defecating with family and friends | 0.776 |
How often do you discuss washing fruits and vegetables with family and friends | |||
 Student engagement in the classroom | 4 | In my class, teachers encourage students to participate in health education | 0.752 |
In my class, students are encouraged to ask questions in health education classes | |||
 Student engagement in the community | 2 | In my community, young people are involved in planning local health education and promotion programs | 0.704 |