Table 3 Past-year gambling participation and harms among females by age in 2011 and 2015 (% ± CI)
|  | 15–17 | 18–24 | 25–34 | 35–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | 65–74 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 (n = 64) | 2015 (n = 83) | 2011 (n = 228) | 2015 (n = 172) | 2011 (n = 278) | 2015 (n = 328) | 2011 (n = 335) | 2015 (n = 305) | 2011 (n = 447) | 2015 (n = 359) | 2011 (n = 564) | 2015 (n = 491) | 2011 (n = 451) | 2015 (n = 472) | |
Gambling frequency | ||||||||||||||
 No gambling | 66.7 ± 11.6 | 71.9 ± 9.7 | 32.2 ± 6.1 | 27.0 ± 6.6 | 21.0 ± 4.8 | 21.6 ± 4.5 | 24.4 ± 4.6 | 24.1 ± 4.8 | 19.7 ± 3.7 | 22.0 ± 4.3 | 23.8 ± 3.5 | 18.3 ± 3.4 | 36.2 ± 4.4 | 26.4 ± 4.0 |
 Less than monthly | 25.9 ± 10.7 | 20.8 ± 8.7 | 33.5 ± 6.1 | 42.2 ± 7.4 | 39.3 ± 5.7 | 39.3 ± 5.3 | 35.1 ± 5.1 | 36.7 ± 5.4 | 27.8 ± 4.2 | 30.6 ± 4.8 | 20.3 ± 3.3 | 25.2 ± 3.8 | 16.4 ± 3.4 | 18.5 ± 3.5 |
 1–3 times/month | 4.9 ± 5.3 | 5.2 ± 4.8 | 23.4 ± 5.5 | 19.3 ± 5.9 | 24.9 ± 5.1 | 24.4 ± 4.7 | 20.9 ± 4.4 | 19.6 ± 4.5 | 19.5 ± 3.7 | 19.9 ± 4.1 | 19.6 ± 3.3 | 17.9 ± 3.4 | 9.3 ± 2.7 | 14.4 ± 3.2 |
 Once a week | 1.2 ± 2.7 | 1.0 ± 2.1 | 6.7 ± 3.3 | 8.6 ± 4.2 | 11.7 ± 3.8 | 11.5 ± 3.5 | 17.4 ± 4.1 | 15.7 ± 4.1 | 27.0 ± 4.1 | 22.6 ± 4.4 | 29.4 ± 3.8 | 32.0 ± 4.1 | 32.8 ± 4.3 | 31.3 ± 4.2 |
 Several times a week | 1.2 ± 2.7 | 1.0 ± 2.1 | 4.2 ± 2.6 | 2.9 ± 2.5 | 3.0 ± 2.0 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 3.9 ± 2.2 | 5.9 ± 2.2 | 4.8 ± 2.2 | 6.9 ± 2.1 | 6.6 ± 2.2 | 5.2 ± 2.1 | 9.4 ± 2.6 |
Significance | X 2 = .699, df = 4, p = .952, ϕ = .063 | X 2 = 5.677, df = 4, p = .225, ϕ = .108 | X 2 = .056, df = 4, p = 1.000, ϕ = .009 | X 2 = 2.120, df = 4, p = .714, ϕ = .056 | X 2 = 2.894, df = 4, p = .576, ϕ = .062 | X 2 = 6.065, df = 4, p = .194, ϕ = .084 | X 2 = 12.343, df = 4, p = .015, ϕ = .0.138 | |||||||
 No gambling |  | .513 |  | .232 |  | .853 |  | .928 |  | .470 |  | .053 |  | .009 |
 Less than monthly |  | .476 |  | .050 |  | 1.000 |  | .688 |  | .420 |  | .104 |  | .531 |
 1-3 times/month |  | 1.000 |  | .268 |  | .930 |  | .701 |  | .926 |  | .541 |  | .054 |
 Once a week |  | 1.000 |  | .495 |  | 1.000 |  | .603 |  | .174 |  | .416 |  | .734 |
 Several times a week |  | 1.000 |  | .469 |  | 1.000 |  | .267 |  | .520 |  | .893 |  | .052 |
Online gambling | ||||||||||||||
 Yes | 0 | 2.1 | 14.4 | 16.3 | 19.9 | 26.3 | 16.9 | 23.2 | 19.2 | 17.0 | 12.5 | 15.2 | 4.0 | 9.4 |
Significance | p = .549, ϕ = .084 | p = .603, ϕ = .027 | p = .056, ϕ = .076 | p = .051, ϕ = .079 | p = .499, ϕ = − .028 | p = .315, ϕ = .038 | p = .016, ϕ = .099 | |||||||
Gambling harmsa | ||||||||||||||
 No gambling | 66.7 ± 11.6 | 71.9 ± 9.7 | 32.2 ± 6.1 | 27.0 ± 6.6 | 21.0 ± 4.8 | 21.6 ± 4.5 | 24.4 ± 4.6 | 24.1 ± 4.8 | 19.7 ± 3.7 | 22.0 ± 4.3 | 23.8 ± 3.5 | 18.3 ± 3.4 | 36.2 ± 4.4 | 26.4 ± 4.0 |
 No harms | 18.5 ± 9.5 | 17.5 ± 8.2 | 46.2 ± 6.5 | 42.9 ± 7.4 | 64.0 ± 5.6 | 58.4 ± 5.3 | 65.6 ± 5.1 | 65.1 ± 5.4 | 69.5 ± 4.3 | 62.3 ± 5.0 | 61.5 ± 4.0 | 64.5 ± 4.2 | 54.1 | 59.7 |
 One harm | 9.9 ± 7.3 | 3.1 ± 3.7 | 13.0 ± 4.4 | 14.3 ± 5.2 | 10.8 ± 3.7 | 13.8 ± 3.7 | 8.2 ± 2.9 | 6.7 ± 2.8 | 7.6 ± 2.5 | 8.1 ± 2.8 | 9.5 ± 2.4 | 9.9 ± 2.6 | 7.1 | 8.1 |
 ≥2 harms | 6.1 ± 5.9 | 7.2 ± 5.6 | 8.8 ± 3.7 | 15.1 ± 5.4 | 4.5 ± 2.4 | 5.9 ± 2.6 | 1.9 ± 1.5 | 4.2 ± 2.3 | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 7.3 ± 2.7 | 5.1 ± 1.8 | 6.8 ± 2.2 | 3.0 | 6.0 |
Significance | X 2 = 3.481, df = 3, p = .323, ϕ = .140 | X 2 = 5.586, df = 3, p = .134, ϕ = .108 | X 2 = 2.743, df = 3, p = .433, ϕ = .063 | X 2 = 3.373, df = 3, p = .338, ϕ = .071 | X 2 = 8.712, df = 3, p = .033, ϕ = .109 | X 2 = 4.444, df = 3, p = .217, ϕ = .072 | X 2 = 9.031, df = 3, p = .029, ϕ = .118 | |||||||
 No gambling |  | .513 |  | .232 |  | .853 |  | .928 |  | .470 |  | .053 |  | .009 |
 No harms |  | 1.000 |  | .465 |  | .138 |  | .935 |  | .044 |  | .396 |  | .171 |
 One harm |  | .115 |  | .693 |  | .248 |  | .466 |  | .891 |  | .909 |  | .657 |
 ≥2 harms |  | 1.000 |  | .036 |  | .494 |  | .119 |  | .012 |  | .319 |  | .092 |