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Table 2 Accumulated exposure to unhealthy behaviours in midlife and subsequent transition out of work

From: Association between midlife health behaviours and transitions out of employment from midlife to early old age: Whitehall II cohort study

 

Men (n = 5392)

Women (n = 2312)

 

Transition out of work (n = 4324)

Transition out on health grounds (n = 207)

Transition out of work (n = 1958)

Transition out on health groundsa (n = 169)

 

Minimally adjusted

Additionally adjusted

Minimally adjusted

Additionally adjusted

Minimally adjusted

Additionally adjusted

Minimally adjusted

Additionally adjusted

Smoking history

 Ex-smoker

1.06 (0.92, 1.21)

1.02 (0.89, 1.17)

1.21 (0.56, 2.60)

1.09 (0.45, 2.62)

1.07 (0.85, 1.34)

1.06 (0.84, 1.32)

1.04 (0.83, 1.30)

1.02 (0.81, 1.28)

 Current/intermittent smoker

1.49 (1.24, 1.78)

1.42 (1.18, 1.70)

3.67 (1.59, 8.51)

3.23 (1.22, 8.55)

0.81 (0.63, 1.03)

0.82 (0.64, 1.05)

0.79 (0.62, 101)

0.79 (0.62, 1.02)

Heavy alcohol use

 One observation

0.99 (0.81, 1.21)

0.96 (0.78, 1.18)

1.23 (0.41, 3.71)

1.21 (0.33, 4.36)

1.16 (0.81, 1.65)

1.13 (0.79, 1.61)

  

 Two/three observations

1.23 (1.03, 1.46)

1.23 (1.03, 1.45)

1.95 (0.81, 4.73)

2.66 (0.96, 7.40)

0.81 (0.58, 1.14)

0.80 (0.57, 1.13)

  

No alcohol consumption

 One observation

1.25 (1.02, 1.54)

1.20 (0.98, 1.47)

3.75 (1.42, 9.89)

4.97 (1.59, 15.5)

1.11 (0.84, 1.45)

1.10 (0.84, 1.43)

  

 Two/three observations

1.25 (1.02, 1.53)

1.19 (0.97, 1.46)

9.65 (3.88,24.02)

10.68 (3.70, 30.82)

1.05 (0.83, 1.33)

1.11 (0.87, 1.41)

  

Low physical activity

 One observation

1.03 (0.84, 1.25)

1.00 (0.82, 1.21)

2.88 (1.15, 7.19)

1.95 (0.65, 5.81)

1.02 (0.81, 1.30)

1.07 (0.84, 1.35)

1.02 (0.80, 1.30)

1.07 (0.84, 1.36)

 Two/three observations

1.11 (0.88, 1.39)

1.11 (0.88, 1.41)

6.45 (2.44, 17.0)

3.44 (1.07, 11.07)

1.07 (0.84, 1.36)

1.13 (0.89, 1.43)

1.07 (0.84, 1.35)

1.14 (0.90, 1.45)

Poor diet

 One observation

0.99 (0.83, 1.17)

0.96 (0.81, 1.13)

0.78 (0.31, 1.95)

0.60 (0.20, 1.75)

0.87 (0.67, 1.13)

0.90 (0.69, 1.16)

0.87 (0.67, 1.13)

0.88 (0.68, 1.15)

 Two/three observations

0.93 (0.80, 1.09)

0.90 (0.77, 1.05)

1.05 (0.49, 2.24)

1.02 (0.42, 2.49)

1.31 (1.00, 1.72)

1.31 (1.01, 1.72)

1.34 (1.02, 1.75)

1.33 (1.01, 1.74)

Problem alcohol drinking (1991/93 only)

 Yes

1.28 (1.05, 1.35)

1.27 (1.04, 1.54)

2.87 (1.23, 6.70)

3.21 (1.25, 8.21)

0.93 (0.64, 1.35)

0.90 (0.62, 1.31)

0.93 (0.64, 1.35)

0.90 (0.62, 1.31)

  1. Note. Minimally adjusted for age, additionally adjusted for other health behaviours, socio-economic status and prevalent chronic disease. Reference group = no observations
  2. aFor women, results refer to model containing problem alcohol drinking (insufficient numbers of heavy alcohol drinkers)
  3. Odds ratios that are statistically significant at p < 0.05 are highlighted in bold