Fig. 1

Participants excluded and lost in creating the final study sample.

¹Internationally adopted individuals were considered ineligible for inclusion.

²Individuals are considered adults at age 18 in Sweden.

³This exclusion was made based on the specifications of the social capital measure. Linking social capital measures participation in elections and non-European immigrants can only vote in municipal and county elections after three years of residence in Sweden. Additionally, individuals who spent less than 90% of the time in Sweden were excluded on account of ensuring to the extent possible that the social capital being measured reflects experiences and feelings toward Sweden and not elsewhere