Table 1 Summary of the descriptive characteristics of individual studies
From: Overweight and obesity epidemic in Ghana—a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study No. | Author | Year of Publication | Sampling Period | Region | Study design | Setting | Study population | Mean age of participants (years) | Sample size (n) | Quality grade | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | M | F | R | U | ||||||||||
1. | Abubakari et al. [44] | 2015 | 2014 | Northern | Cross-sectional (facility-based) | Mixed | Pregnant Women + new mothers | n.s | 419 | - | 419 | - | - | Medium |
2. | Addo et al. [45] | 2006 | n.s | Greater Accra | Cross-sectional | Rural | General adult Population | 42.4 | 362 | 107 | 255 | 362 | - | High |
3. | Addo et al. [46] | 2009 | 2006 | Greater Accra | Cross-sectional | Urban | Civil servants | n.s | 1015 | 615 | 400 | - | 1015 | High |
4. | Addo et al. [47] | 2015 | n.s | Greater Accra | Cross-sectional | Urban | Bank workers | 32.2 | 180 | 92 | 88 | - | 180 | Medium |
5. | Agyemang [48] | 2006 | 2004 | Ashanti | Cross-sectional | Rural and urban | General Population | 35.9 | 1431 | 644 | 787 | 578 | 853 | High |
6. | Aidoo et al. [49] | 2015 | 2012 | Greater Accra | Cross-sectional | Urban | Corporate workers | 45.1 | 161 | 112 | 49 | - | 161 | Low |
7. | Amegah et al. [50] | 2011 | n.s | Central | Cross-sectional | Urban | General population | n.s | 300 | 150 | 150 | - | 300 | Medium |
8. | Amidu et al. [51] | 2016 | 2014 | Northern | Cross-sectional | Urban | Christian worshippers | 34.53 | 300 | 133 | 167 | - | 300 | medium |
9. | Amoah [52] | 2003 | n.s | Greater Accra | Cross-sectional | Rural and Urban | General adult population (≥25 yrs) | 44.3 | 4731 | 1857 | 2874 | 1627 | 3104 | High |
10. | Antwi et al. [53] | 2016 | 2012 | Greater Accra and Upper west | Retrospective record review | Rural and Urban | Pregnant women | 27.0 | 2682a | - | 2682 | 1104 | 1578 | Medium |
11. | Appiah et al. [54] | 2014 | n.s | Ashanti | Cross sectional | Urban | Women | 43.8 | 394 | - | 394 | - | 394 | Medium |
12. | Arthur et al. [55] | 2013 | 2011 | Ashanti | Cross-sectional | Urban | Menopausal and pre-menopausal women | 44.23 | 250 | - | 250 | - | 250 | Medium |
13. | Arthur et al. [56] | 2014 | 2013 | Ashanti | Cross-sectional | Urban | University staff | n.s | 206 | 138 | 68 | - | 206 | High |
14. | Aryee et al. [57] | 2013 | n.s | Northern | Cross-sectional | Urban | Nurses | n.s | 220 | 74 | 146 | - | 220 | Medium |
15. | Aryeetey and Ansong [58] | 2011 | 2009 | Greater Accra | Cross-sectional | Urban | University staff | 40.5 | 141 | 95a | 46a | - | 141 | Low |
16. | Benkeser et al. [59] | 2012 | 2008-09 | Greater Accra | Cross-sectional | Urban | women | 46.28 | 2814 | - | 2814 | - | 2814 | High |
17. | Biritwum et al. [60] | 2005 | 2003 | National | Cross-sectional | Rural and Urban | General population | - | 4231 | - | - | - | - | High |
18. | Blankson and Hall [61] | 2012 | 2010 | Ashanti | Cross-sectional | Rural | Elderly women | n.s | 59 | - | 59 | 59 | - | Low |
19. | Burket [62] | 2006 | 2002 | Volta | Cross-sectional | rural | General population | 41.8 | 284 | 66 | 218 | 284 | - | High |
20. | Donkor et al. [63] | 2015 | n.s | Greater Accra | Cross sectional | Urban | Women | n.s | 254 | - | 254 | - | 254 | Medium |
21. | Duda et al. [64] | 2006 | 2005 | Greater Accra | Cross-sectional (hospital based) | Urban | Women at gynecology clinic | 35.9 | 305 | - | 305 | - | 305 | High |
22. | Duda et al. [65] | 2007 | 2003 | Greater Accra | Cross-sectional | Urban | Women | 46.8 | 1270 | - | 1270 | - | 1270 | High |
23. | Ephraim et al. [66] | 2014 | 2013-14 | Central | Case-control | Urban | Pregnant women | 30.9 | 380 | - | 380 | - | 380 | Medium |
24. | Frank et al. [67] | 2013 | 2007-08 | Ashanti | Cross-sectional (facility-based) | Urban | Diabetic and Non-diabetic adults | n.s | 1221 | 299 | 922 | - | 1221 | medium |
25. | Kunutsor and Powles [68] | 2014 | n.s | Upper East | Cross-sectional | Rural | General population | 37.8 | 574 | 207 | 367 | 574 | - | Medium |
26. | Luke et al. [69] | 2014 | 2010-11 | Ashanti | Cross-sectional | Rural | Young adults | 34.6 | 500 | 207 | 293 | 500 | - | High |
27. | Minicuci et al. [70] | 2014 | 2007-08 | National | Cross-sectional | Rural Urban | Older adults (≥50) | n.s | 4724 | 2348 | 2376 | 2806 | 1918 | High |
28. | Mogre et al. [71] | 2014 | 2013 | Northern | Cross-sectional | Urban | University students | 23.06 | 646 | 445 | 201 | - | 646 | High |
29. | Mogre et al. [72] | 2014 | 2013 | Northern | Cross-sectional (facility-based) | Urban | Diabetics | 56.2 | 200 | 46 | 154 | - | 200 | High |
30. | Mogre et al. [73] | 2015 | n.s | Northern | Cross-sectional | Urban | University students | 23.0 | 552 | 354 | 198 | - | 552 | High |
31. | Mogre et al. [74] | 2016 | 2014 | Northern | Cross-sectional (facility-based) | Urban | Diabetics | 47.3 | 378 | 132 | 246 | - | 378 | High |
32. | Nelson et al. [75] | 2015 | 2010 | Greater Accra | Cross-sectional (facility-based) | Urban | Hospital Outpatients | n.s | 230 | 125 | 105 | - | 230 | Medium |
33. | Nubé et al. [76] | 1998 | 1988-89 | National | Cross-sectional | Mixed | General Population (20–65) | n.s | 9215 | 4961 | 4253 | 5788 | 3427 | High |
34. | Nyawornota et al. [77] | 2013 | n.s | Greater Accra | Cross-sectional | Urban | Students | 18.4a | 155a | - | - | - | 155a | Low |
35. | Obirikorang et al. [78] | 2015 | 2013 | Ashanti | Cross-sectional | Rural and Urban | General population | 50.0 | 672 | 312 | 360 | 360 | 312 | High |
36. | Obirikorang et al. [79] | 2016 | 2014-15 | Ashanti | Cross-sectional (facility-based) | Urban | Diabetics | 51.14 | 543 | 232 | 311 | - | 543 | Medium |
37. | Oppong et al. [80] | 2015 | 2013 | Greater Accra | Cross-sectional (facility-based) | Urban | Pregnant women | 31.0 | 399 | - | 399 | - | 399 | High |
38. | Owiredu et al. [81] | 2011 | 2010 | Ashanti | Case-control | Urban | Sportsmen and sedentary workers | 43.56 | 186 | - | - | - | 186 | Medium |
39. | Pereko et al. [82] | 2013 | n.s | Central | Cross-sectional | Urban | Adults | 31.7 | 252 | 101 | 151 | - | 252 | High |
40. | Pobee et al. [83] | 2013 | 2006 | Greater Accra | Cross-sectional | Urban | Female teachers | 35.9 | 400 | - | 400 | - | 400 | High |
41. | Van der Linden et al. [84] | 2016 | 2012-14 | Greater Accra | Cohort study | Urban | Pregnant women | 28.0 | 1000 | - | 1000 | - | 1000 | High |
42. | Williams et al. [85] | 2013 | n.s | Ashanti | Cross-sectional | Rural | Adults ≥35 | 50 | 425 | 152 | 273 | 425 | - | Medium |
43. | Wu et al. [86] | 2015 | 2007-10 | National | Longitudinal cohort survey | Rural and Urban | Ault population ≥50 | n.s | 4305 | 2256 | 2049 | 2536 | 1769 | High |