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Table 1 Seroprevalence of anti-HCMV IgG antibodies in relation to sociodemographic characteristics of the study population

From: Sociodemographic factors associated with IgG and IgM seroprevalence for human cytomegalovirus infection in adult populations of Pakistan: a seroprevalence survey

Characteristic

Total

IgG+

IgG−

OR (95 % CI)

p*

N = 1000

n = 932

n = 68

%

(%)

(%)

Sampling location

    

<0.001

 Private hospital

14.9

125 (13.4)

24 (35.3)

1.0

 

 Government hospital

63.4

602 (64.6)

32 (47.1)

3.61 (1.98–6.57)

 

 Community A

3.6

31 (3.3)

5 (7.4)

0.20 (0.04–0.92)

 

 Community B

18.1

174 (18.7)

7 (10.3)

4.77 (1.88–12.60)

 

Gender

    

0.001

 Female

53.7

514 (55.2)

23 (33.8)

2.41 (1.39–4.18)

 

 Male

46.3

418 (44.8)

45 (66.2)

1.0

 

Age (years)a

    

0.002

  ≤ 25

26.1

232 (24.9)

28 (41.2)

1.0

 

 26–34

24.3

222 (23.8)

20 (29.4)

1.34 (0.71–2.55)

 

 35–45

27.7

268 (28.8)

8 (11.8)

4.04 (1.72–9.84)

 

  > 45

22.0

207 (22.2)

12 (17.6)

2.08 (0.99–4.46)

 

Marital status

    

0.008

 Married

76.5

722 (77.5)

43 (63.2)

2.0 (1.16–3.45)

 

 Unmarried

23.5

210 (22.5)

25 (36.8)

1.0

 

Ethnicity

    

0.34

 Sindhi

30.1

281 (30.2)

20 (29.4)

0.49 (0.14–1.56)

 

 Baloch

9.9

91 (9.8)

8 (11.8)

0.40 (0.10–1.51)

 

 Punjabi

11.9

115 (12.3)

4 (5.9)

1.0

 

 Pakhtoon

14.1

131 (14.1)

10 (14.7)

0.46 (0.12–1.64)

 

 Urdu speaking

19.9

180 (19.3)

19 (27.9)

0.33 (0.09–1.06)

 

 Other

14.1

134 (14.4)

7 (10.3)

0.67 (0.16–2.61)

 

Education level (years of schooling)

    

<0.001

 0

36.8

356 (38.2)

12 (17.6)

4.52 (2.20–9.45)

 

 1–6

13.8

133 (14.3)

5 (7.4)

4.06 (1.47–12.11)

 

 7–10

23.7

220 (23.6)

17 (25.0)

1.97 (1.03–3.80)

 

  > 10

25.7

223 (23.9)

34 (50.0)

1.0

 

Household size (no. of persons)a

    

0.98

 1–3

9.1

83 (9.0)

7 (10.3)

1.0

 

 4–6

31.2

289 (31.3)

20 (29.4)

1.22 (0.45–3.18)

 

 7–10

36.9

340 (36.9)

25 (36.8)

1.04 (0.51–2.07)

 

  > 10

22.8

210 (22.8)

16 (23.5)

1.11 (0.40–2.99)

 

Household income (USD)

    

0.008

  ≤ 70

30.6

291 (31.2)

15 (22.1)

2.58 (1.28–5.23)

 

 71–100

21.1

198 (21.2)

13 (19.1)

2.03 (0.97–4.28)

 

 101–200

25.3

240 (25.8)

13 (19.1)

2.46 (1.18–5.17)

 

  > 200

23.0

203 (21.8)

27 (39.7)

1.0

 

House construction materiala

    

0.79

 Concrete bricks only

66.6

619 (66.5)

46 (67.6)

1.0

 

 Mud and concrete mix

14.4

136 (14.6)

8 (11.8)

1.26 (0.56–2.97)

 

 Straw/wood/mud

19.0

176 (18.9)

14 (20.6)

0.93 (0.48–1.83)

 

Crowding indexa

    

0.003

  ≤ 2

28.9

253 (27.4)

33 (48.5)

1.0

 

  > 2–3

20.9

197 (21.4)

10 (14.7)

2.57 (1.18–5.72)

 

  > 3–5

27.5

258 (28.0)

14 (20.6)

2.40 (1.21–4.84)

 

  > 5

22.7

213 (23.1)

11 (16.2)

2.53 (1.19–5.45)

 
  1. The adjusted OR and 95 % CI were calculated
  2. USD U.S. dollar, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
  3. *Comparisons between HCMV-IgG seroprevalence and sociodemographic characteristics were performed by Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test (p < 0.05)
  4. aThe total sample size (n) for these variables may not equal the total number of samples (N = 1000) because information was unavailable
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