Table 4 Characteristics of water quality intervention studies
Study (Author and publication year) | Country | Participants (sample size, age, setting) | Study design | Intervention details (I = Intervention and C = Control) | Duration of intervention (months) | Outcome measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boisson S, et al. 2010 | Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) | 240 household (1,144 participants mean age 39.1 years) | RCT | I: Lifestraw family filter (n = 120 households, 546 participants) C: Placebo filter (n = 120 households, 598participants) | 15 | Microbial contamination, health |
Boisson S, et al. 2009 | Ethiopia | 313 households, 6 months and over, household | RCT | I: Life straw personal filter to be used for ingesting of untreated water both at home and away from home (n = 155) C: Usual practice (n = 158) | 5 | Microbial contamination, health |
Boisson S, et al. 2013 | India | 2,163 household (2,986 children <5 years) | RCT | I: NaDC tabletsb (n = 1080) C: Placebo (n = 1083) | 12 | Microbial contamination, health |
Brown J et al. 2008 | Cambodia | 180 households, all age participants | RCT | I: One of following: Ceramic water purifier (CWP) (n = 60) and Iron-rich ceramic water purifier (CWP-fe) (n = 60) C: Usual practice (n = 60) | 5.5 | Microbial contamination, health |
Clasen T.F et al. 2006 | Bolivia | 60 households (317 individuals), all age, household | RCT | I: Water purification filter (20 households; 210 individuals) C: Usual practice (40 households; 107 individuals) | 5 | Microbial contamination, health |
Clasen T, et al. 2007 | Bangladesh | 100 households, 555 participants of any age group | RCT | I: 67-mg NADCC tabletsb designed to treat 20–25 L of water (n= 50 households; 279 participants) C: Placebo consisting of tablets of the same colour, size and packaging (n = 50 households, 276 participants) | 4 | Microbial contamination |
Clasen T, et al. 2005 | Columbia | 140 household | RCT | I: Ceramic Water filter (n = 76 households, 415 participants) C: Usual practice (n = 64 households, 265 participants) | 6 | Microbial contamination, health |
Christen A, et al. 2009 | Bolivia | 2 household (27 proxy household for air quality) | CSS (pre and post) | I: Water disinfection stove (WADIS) | 6 | Water quality, Microbial contamination, air quality, health |
Conroy R, et al. 1996 | Kenya | 206 children age 5–16 years, household | RCT | I: SODIS bottle (n = 108) C: Only water bottle and suggested to use indoor (n = 98) | 3 | Health |
Crump JA, et al. 2005 | Kenya | 605 households (6650 participants) | Cluster- RCT | I1: Flocculant- disinfectant intervention (n = 201 households,2124 participants) I2: Sodium hypochlorite intervention (n = 203 households, 2249 participants) C: Usual practice (n = 201 households, 2277 participants) | 4 (20 weeks) | Microbial contamination, health |
Davis J, et al. 2011 | Tanzania | 248 households, participants aged <5 years | Experimental field study | I: One of following 4 intervention: 1) Information on strategies to reduce water and sanitation related illness (n = 79) 2) Information as per 1 plus water quality tests (n = 84) 3) Information as per 1 plus hand-rinse test results (n = 90) 4) information as per 1 plus water and hand rinse results (n = 81) | 4 | Microbial contamination, hygiene and sanitation |
Du Preez M, et al. 2008 | Zimbabwe and South Africa | 115 households, participants aged between 12 to 24 months | RCT | I: Ceramic water filter (n = 60) C: In-house water filter (n = 58) | 6 | Health |
Du Preez M, et al. 2010 | South Africa | 649 households, 6 months to 5 years, household | RCT | I: SODISa bottles to be used to provide drinking water at all times and as much as possible drink directly from the bottle (n = 297) C: Usual practice (n = 267) | 12 | Microbial contamination, health |
Fabiszewski de Aceituno AM, et al. 2012 | Honduras | 195 participants aged <5 years, household | RCT | I: Plastic Bio sand filters, a narrow mouth gallon (20 L), water jug and general education on hygiene and sanitation (n = 90 households, 532 participants) C : Usual practice (n = 86 households, 488 participants) | 10 | Microbial contamination, health |
Graf J, et al. 2010 | Cameroon | 2,193 households, participants aged <5 years | CSS (pre and post) | I: SODIS bottles for water purification | 10 | Health |
Garrett V, et al. 2008 | Kenya | 555 households (960 children aged <5 years) | RCT | I: Sodium hypochlorite water disinfection solution and storage containers and hygiene and sanitation education (n = 366) C: Usual practice (n = 189) | 2 (8 weeks) | Microbial contamination, health |
Habib MA, et al. 2013 | Pakistan | 18,244, participants, household | Cluster-RCT | I: Diarrhoea pack (two packets of low osmolality ORS, one strip of Zinc tablets, two packets of water purification sachet and a leaflet with educational materials) (n = 9,581) C: Usual practice (n = 8,663) | 12 | Health |
Henry FJ et al. 1990 | Bangladesh | 44 children, 6–23 months, community | Intervention Study | I: Latrine construction and hygiene education (n = 41) C: Usual practice (n = 43) | 6 | Health |
Henry FJ et al. 1990 | Bangladesh | 92 participants, 6–18 months, household | Intervention study | I: Hand pumps, latrine construction and hygiene education (44) C: Hand pumps only (48) | 6 | Health |
Lindquist ED, et. al; 2014 | Bolivia | 1,198 participants, household | Cluster-RCT | I1: A household level hollow fiber filter (n = 330) I2: Education (behaviour change communication) (n = 302) I3: Filter and education (n = 285) C: Life skills and attitudes and family responsibility message (n = 279) | 3 | Health |
Luby,AP, et al. 2006 | Pakistan | 1340 households, all age participants | RCT | I: One of following intervention: 1) diluted bleach and a water vessel provided (n = 265) 2) soap and hand washing promotion provided (n = 262) 3) flocculent disinfectant water treatment and water vessel provided (n = 262) 4) flocculent-disinfection, soap and hand washing promotion provided (n = 266) C: Usual practice (n = 282) | 9 | Health |
Mausezahi D et al. 2009 | Bolivia | 484 households, participants aged <5 years | RCT | I: SODIS bottles (n = 255 households; 376 children) C: Usual practice (n = 200 households; 349 children) | 14 | Health |
Opryszko MC et al. 2010 | Afghanistan | 1514 households, all age participants, household | RCT | I: Multiple intervention; liquid chlorine with a water vessel (299 households), hygiene education (233 households), improved tube well (308 households) and combination of all (261 households) C: Usual practice (n = 292) | 17 | Diarrhoeal incidence |
Quick RE et al. 1996 | Bolivia | 42 household | Intervention study (pre and post) | I1: 20 l narrow mouthed water vessel and the calcium hypochlorite solution (n = 15) I2: 20 l narrow mouthed water vessel (n = 15) C: Usual practice (n = 12) | 9 weeks | Microbial contamination, |
Quick RE, et al. 1998 | Bolivia | 127 households | RCT | I: Water disinfection solution and storage vessels (n = 64 households, 400 individuals) C: Usual practice (n = 63 households, 391 individuals) | 8 | Microbial contamination, health |
Ram PK, et al. 2007 | Madagascar | 242 households, participants aged 0–90 year | Intervention study | I: Water chlorination tablet and Jerrycan for water storage | NR | Education and self-reported compliance |
Rangel JM, et al. 2003 | Guatemala | 100 households | RCT | I1: Chlorine bleach and 20 l narrow mouthed water vessel (n = 20) I2: Combined product c in narrow mouthed water vessel (n = 20) I3: Combined product c with customised vessel (n = 20) I4: Combined product c in traditional vessel (n = 20) C: Traditional vessel (n = 20) | 1 (4 weeks) | Microbial contamination, health |
Rose A et al. 2006 | India | 200 children, participants aged <5 years, household | RCT | I: SODIS bottles for water purification plus diarrhoea prevention and treatment education (n = 100) C: Diarrhoeal prevention and treatment education only (n = 100) | 6 | Health |
Rosa G, et al. 2014 | Rwanda | 566 households | RCT | I: Life straw family 2.0 filter and one improved stove (Eco Zoom Dura) (n = 285) C: Usual practice (n = 281) | 5 | Water quality, air quality |
Stauber CE, et al. 2009 | Dominican Republic | 187 households, all aged participants | RCT | I: Plastic Bio Sand filters (n = 81 households, 447 participants) C : Usual practice (n = 86 households, 460 participants) | 10 | Microbial contamination, health |
Stauber CE, et al. 2011 | Cambodia | 189 households, participants aged <5 years | RCT | I: Plastic Bio Sand filters (n = 90 households, 546 participants) C : Usual practice (n = 99 households, 501 participants) | 6 | Microbial contamination, health |
Tiwari SS, et al. 2009 | Kenya | 59 household | RCT | I: Concrete Bio sand Filter and instruction on filter use (n = 30) C: Usual practice (n = 29) | 6 | Microbial contamination, health |