The association between workplace bullying and depressive symptoms: the role of the perpetrator

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Major Depression Inventory (MDI) scores of those being exposed to workplace bullying by leaders, colleagues, subordinates or clients: pairwise multiple comparisons of the MDI scores of the targets according to the reported perpetrators

Adjusted model	Reported perpetrator	N	Mean (MDI)	SD	Pairwise comparisons	Mean difference	95 % CI
DWECS 2010^a	Leader	228	13.1	0.7	Subordinates	-0.12	[-4.34;4.09]
					Clients	4.29	[2.27;6.31]
					Colleagues	0.74	[-1.4;2.89]
	Colleagues	292	12.3	0.7	Subordinates	-0.87	[-5.02;3.28]
					Clients	3.55	[1.64;5.46]
	Subordinates	40	13.2	1.5	Clients	4.41	[0.33;8.49]
WH 2012^b	Leader	399	14.1	0.6	Subordinates	1.90	[-1.39;5.18]
					Clients	2.39	[-0.25;5.03]
					Colleagues	1.67	[0.14;3.20]
	Colleagues	916	12.4	0.4	Subordinates	0.23	[-2.92;3.37]
					Clients	0.72	[-1.75;3.20]
	Subordinates	68	12.2	1.2	Clients	0.50	[-3.32;4.31]

^aModel fit information after adjusting for age, gender and occupational sector: F(15, 1278) = 2.6, p = .001, ηp² = .03
^bModel fit information after adjusting for age, gender and occupational sector: F(16, 954) = 4.3, p = .000, ηp² = .07

ISSN: 1471-2458