Table 2 Studies on the associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with health outcomes in oil-producing countries of the Arabian Peninsula (Behavioural epidemiology framework, Phase 1)

 Abdi S [50], United Arab Emirates

Diet and physical activity intervention (6 months)

HbA1c

−physical activity intervention)

35 adults aged 18–60 years with diabetes

 Al Saif A [45], Saudi Arabia

Aerobic and anaerobic intervention (3 months)

BMI

−(Aerobic intervention)

Blood Pressure

40 obese adults aged 18–25 years

Heart Rate

Maximum oxygen consumption

+ (Aerobic intervention)

Maximum voluntary ventilation

+ (Aerobic and anaerobic interventions)

 Al-Eisa E [148], Saudi Arabia

Exercise intervention (8 weeks)

Serum cotinine

−(Exercise intervention for both smokers and non-smokers)

150 men aged 18–55 years

Serum cortisol

Testosterone

Mood and physical symptoms scale

−(Exercise intervention for smokers)

Free radicals

+ (Exercise intervention for both smokers and non-smokers)

 Al-Eisa E [64], Saudi Arabia

Exercise intervention (3 weeks)

Insomnia

−(exercise intervention)

76 women university students aged 19–25 years

Depression

Attention span

+ (Exercise intervention)

 Alghadir AH [53], Saudi Arabia

Exercise intervention (12 weeks)

BMI

−(Exercise intervention)

100 adults aged 30–60 years

Waist-Hip ratio

Serum levels of Copper, Zinc and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase

Osteoporosis T-score

Bone mineral density

+ (Exercise intervention)

Serum levels of Calcium and Manganese

 Alghadir AH [149], Saudi Arabia

Exercise intervention (4 weeks)

Salivary cortisol, lactate and testosterone levels

+ (Exercise intervention)

16 men students aged 15–25 years

 Al-Ghimlas F [46], Kuwait

Exercise intervention (12 weeks)

Weight

−(Exercise intervention)

58 adults aged 15+ years

BMI

Waist and hip circumferences

Diastolic blood pressure

Resting Heart Rate

HbA1c

LDL cholesterol

Body fat composition

Peak oxygen uptake Muscular strength

+ (exercise intervention)

 Ardawi MM [37], Saudi Arabia

Exercise intervention (8 weeks)

Serum bone-formation markers:

−(exercise intervention)

160 women aged 20–49 years

Sclerostin

CTX

IGF-I

+ (exercise intervention)

OC

PINP

N (exercise intervention)

bone-ALP

PTH

NTX

 Kneffel Z [47], Qatar

Exercise intervention (10 weeks)

Weight

−(Exercise intervention)

36 students aged 18–30 years

BMI

Body fat composition

Diastolic blood pressure

 Rouzi AA [40], Saudi Arabia

Prospective cohort (6 years)

All fragility related fractures

−(Total PA)

707 healthy post-menopausal women aged 50+ years

 Sadiya A [51], United Arab Emirates

Lifestyle intervention including physical activity (12 weeks)

Weight

−(Lifestyle intervention)

BMI

45 obese or obese with type 2 diabetes adults aged 18–50 years

Body fat composition

WC

Fasting blood glucose

−(Lifestyle intervention for obese with diabetes)

HbA1c

 Salman RA [38], Saudi Arabia

Exercise intervention (11–year)

Hypertension

−(leisure PA)

916 normotensive adults with diabetes aged 20+ years

 Tomar RH [52], Saudi Arabia

Exercise intervention (12 weeks)

Glycemic control

+ (exercise intervention)

24 adult men with type 2 diabetes aged 25–55

 Al-Daghri NM [150], Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

Irisin levels

+ (Total PA for healthy adults

164 adults aged 30–75 years

N (total PA for adults with diabetes)

 Al-Hamdan NA [48], Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

Hypertension

−(Work, transport and leisure PA)

4758 adults aged 15–64 years

 Al-Mahroos F [36], Bahrain

Cross-sectional

BMI

−(Occupational activity)

−(TV time)

2013 adults; men aged 40–59 years and women aged 50–69 years

−(Walking and cycling, significant in only men)

 Almajwal MA [91] ⁴, Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

BMI

−(Total PA)

362 Non-Saudi hospital nurses

 Al-Nozha MM [39] ^{3, 4}, Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

BMI

−(Leisure PA)

17,395 adults aged 30–70 years

WC

−(Leisure PA)

 Al-Thani [151], Qatar

Cross-sectional

BMI

N (Total PA)

2496 adults aged 18–64 years

WC

−(Total PA)

 Ardawi MM [37], Saudi Arabia

Cross sectional

Serum bone-formation markers:

−(Walking or exercising)

1235 women aged 20–49 years

Sclerostin

FSH

CTX

IGF-I

+ (Walking or exercising)

OC

PINP

bone-ALP

PTH

E2

NTX

 Al-Kilani H [44], Oman

Cross-sectional

Total body fat

+ (exercise and physical activity scores)

202 school students aged 18–25 years

 Basulaiman M [67], Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

Hypercholesterolemia

N (Total PA)

N (Total TV/computer time)

10735 adults aged 15+ years

Borderline Hypercholesterolemia

N (Total PA)

+ (Total TV/computer time)

 El-Aty MA [54] ³, Oman

Cross-sectional

Metabolic Syndrome

N (Total PA)

+ (Total sitting time)

3137 adults aged 18+ years

 El Bcheraoui C [49], Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

Hypertension

N (Total PA)

N (Total TV/computer time)

10735 adults aged 15+ years

Borderline hypertension

+ (Total PA−moderate active only)

N (Total TV/computer time)

 El-Ghazali S [152], Kuwait

Cross-sectional

BMI

−(Total PA)

320 college students, 17–26 years

 Hegazy AM [153], Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional study

Lower back pain

−(Total PA)

+ Prolonged sitting

174 women, half with lower back pain for 3+ months (20–45 years)

 Mabry RM [16], Oman

Cross-sectional

The Metabolic Syndrome

−(Work PA)

+ (total sedentary behavior but not significant after further adjustment for PA)

1,335 adults age 20 years and older

−(Transport PA)

N (Leisure PA)

 Memish ZA [154], Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

BMI

−(Total PA, men only)

10,735 adults 15+ years

 Moradi-Ladek M [68], Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

Self-rated health

+ (TV/computer time)

10,735 adults 15+ years

 Shah SM [35], United Arab Emirates

Cross-sectional

Hypertension

−(Walking 30+ mins/day)

1,375 South Asian immigrants men 18+ years

 Tuffaha M [55], Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

Vit. D deficiency

N (Total PA)

10,735 adults 15+ years

 Al Saweer A [155], Bahrain

Behavioural intervention including physical activity

Weight

−(Behavioural intervention)

BMI

13 obese adolescents

 Al Junaibi A [41], UAE

Cross-sectional

BMI

N (time spent walking, moderate activity, vigorous activity)

−(computer time in girls)

1,541 students aged 6–19 years

+ (computer time in boys)

N (time spent sitting)

 Al-Haifi AA [156], Kuwait

Cross-sectional

Sleep duration

N (Moderate and/or vigorous activity)

−(TV and computer time in boys)

906 school students aged 14–19 years

 Al-Haifi AR [60], Kuwait

Cross-sectional

BMI

−(Moderate and Vigorous PA)

N (TV and Computer time)

906 school students aged 14–19 years

WC

−(Vigorous PA)

 Al-Hazzaa HM [61], Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

BMI

−(vigorous PA)

N (TV/screen time)

2,906 school students aged 14–19 years

N (Total PA)

WtHR

−(vigorous PA)

N (Total PA)

 Al-Hazzaa HM [157], Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

Sleep duration

+ (Total PA)

+ (screen time)

2,868 secondary-school students aged 15–19 years

 Al-Kilani H [44], Oman

Cross-sectional

Total body fat

+ (exercise and physical activity scores)

202 school students aged 18–25 years

 Al-Nakeeb Y [57] ³, Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

BMI

−(Total PA and walking)

+ (computer use and total TV and computer time)

1,138 school students aged 15–17 years

 Al-Nuaim AA [58] ³, Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

BMI

−(Total PA)

+ (sitting time)

1,270 school students aged 15–19 years

WC

−(Total PA)

+ (sitting time)

 Alqahtani N [62], Saudi Arabia

Cross-sectional

BMI

−(Total PA, boys only)

−(Screen time)

370 school children aged 14–19 years

 Alrashidi M [59], Kuwait

Cross-section

BMI

+ (TV time in boys)

635 children aged 11–14 years

 Kerkadi A [42], UAE

Cross-sectional

BMI

N (Total PA)

+ (TV time)

900 female primary school children aged 5–14 years

 Muhairi SJ [56], UAE

Cross-sectional

Vitamin D levels

+ (Total PA)

315 healthy adolescents aged 15–18 years

 Yousef S [43] ³, UAE

Cross-sectional

Childhood behavioral problems

+ (TV and Video games time)

197 school children aged 5–15 years