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Table 3 Results of the multilevel regressions of the odds of ARI symptoms among young children, 2013 NDHS (N = 28,596)

From: A multilevel analysis of lifestyle variations in symptoms of acute respiratory infection among young children under five in Nigeria

 

MODEL 1

MODEL 2

Covariates

AOR

95 % CI

AOR

95 % CI

Lifestyle and health behaviors

Cooking method (ref = Kerosene/charcoal outdoors or a separate place)

    
 

In-house use of biomass fuel

2.38**

1.34–4.24

2.30**

1.26–4.20

 

In-house use of kerosene/charcoal

2.08*

1.17–3.70

2.11**

1.19–3.72

 

Outdoor or separate use of biomass fuel

2.54**

1.45–4.45

2.28**

1.27–4.10

 

Other

2.51

0.95–6.64

2.42

0.94–6.25

Smoking of members of the household (ref = No)

    
 

Ever smoked

1.37*

1.01–1.87

1.33

0.98–1.81

Hand-washing (ref = Observed)

    
 

Not observed

1.59***

1.28–1.98

1.66**

1.33–2.07

Neighborhood characteristic

Community OVC status (ref = Low)

    
 

Median

  

1.28

0.94–1.75

 

High

  

1.74***

1.34–2.25

Region of residence (ref = North West)

    
 

North Central

  

0.39***

0.27–0.57

 

North East

  

0.15***

0.11–0.20

 

South East

  

0.30***

0.19–0.48

 

South South

  

0.35***

0.22–0.57

 

South West

  

0.26***

0.15–0.43

Community wealth index (ref = The first quartile)

   
 

The second quartile

  

1.03

0.67–1.58

 

The third quartile

  

0.94

0.54–1.62

 

The fourth quartile

  

1.05

0.56–1.95

Community use of biomass cooking fuel (ref = Low use)

   
 

Median use

  

0.82

0.51–1.31

 

High use

  

1.07

0.63–1.81

Urban residence (ref = Rural)

  

0.95

0.68–1.33

Individual and household backgrounds

Female gendered (ref = Male)

1.02

0.85–1.21

1.03

0.86–1.22

Birth order (ref = 1–3)

    
 

4–6

0.92

0.75–1.13

0.94

0.76–1.15

 

>6

1.35*

1.07–1.71

1.37**

1.08–1.73

Age in months (ref = 36–59)

    
 

0–5

1.21

0.85–1.73

1.20

0.85–1.71

 

6–11

2.67***

2.02–3.53

2.66***

2.01–3.51

 

12–23

2.88***

2.28–3.64

2.85***

2.25–3.60

 

24–35

1.82***

1.40–2.36

1.80***

1.30–2.34

OVC (ref = Non-OVC)

1.43*

1.01–2.02

1.27

0.90–1.80

Maternal education (ref = Secondary or above)

    
 

No education

0.63**

0.47–0.84

0.63**

0.47–0.85

 

Primary education

0.70*

0.53–0.93

0.69**

0.53–0.92

Household wealth (ref = Richest)

    
 

Richer

1.19

0.76–1.87

1.15

0.74–1.79

 

Middle

1.72*

1.06–2.82

1.61

0.97–2.65

 

Poorer

2.72***

1.64–4.51

2.39**

1.38–4.14

 

Poorest

1.94*

1.13–3.32

1.60

0.88–2.91

Model statistics

Coeff

SE

Coeff

SE

Log likelihood

−2561.92

 

−2479.75

 

Comparison to previous model

 

Chi-square

  

82.17***

 
 

Degrees of freedom

  

13

 

Random variance

Intra-class correlation (ICC)

0.26*

 

0.13*

 

Variance between neighborhoods

1.17***

0.01

0.70***

0.08

  1. Intra-class correlation (ICC) measures the degrees of clustering with random intercepts. The correlation of the 2-level multilevel logistic regressions is calculated by σμ2/ [σμ2 + π2/3], where σμ2 denotes neighborhood- level variance
  2. Abbreviations: AOR represents adjusted odds ratios for sample cluster, CI represents confidence interval
  3. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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