Table 3 Summary of the studies investigating the potential risk factors showing the variables found to be associated with human brucellosis seropositivity
County | Study population characteristics | Variable | Risk factors | (aOR, 95Â % CI)a | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marsabit | Pastoral | Individual | Age by decade Male sex Use of milk from own animals Assist in animal delivery Exposure to sheep Exposure to goats Handling of animal hides | 1.1 (1.0–1.2 3.0 (2.2–4.0) 3.2 (1.7–5.8) 1.6 (1.1–2.3) 2.0 (1.4–2.8 2.1 (1.4–3.2) 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | [32] |
Household | Pastoral production system Nomadic movements Male household head Keeping sheep | 42.7 (21.1–86.5) 5.7 (4.2–7.7) 2.5 (2.0–3.0) 4.0 (1.7–9.3) | |||
Kiambu | Small holder | Individual | Age by decade Handling of animal hides Higher education | 1.6 (1.5–1.6) 83.2 (24.9–278.7) 0.1 (0.0–0.5) | |
Household | Male household head Sold livestock (1 year ago) Keeping sheep | 3.0 (2.0–4.7) 2.1 (1.4–3.3) 3.5 (1.2–10.5) | |||
Kanjiado | Agro-pastoral | Individual | Age by decade Use of milk from own animals Regular ingestion of raw milk Exposure to sheep Handling of animal hides Higher Education | 1.2 (1.2–1.4) 2.0 (1.4–3.0) 2.7 (1.9–3.9) 3.2 (2.1–5.0) 1.5 (1.2–2.0) 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | |
Household | Pastoral production system Nomadic movements Male household head Use of calving pens No exposure to aborted game | 2.9 (2.1–4.0) 2.3 (1.7–3.2) 4.5 (3.4–5.9) 4.4 (1.6–11.6) 0.5 (0.2–1.2) | |||
National | Diverse | Individual | No education Male Advanced age (50+ years) | 7.29 (1.48–35.94) 4.67 (2.37–9.19) 3.38 (1.08–10.65) | [24] |
Garissa | Pastoral | Individual | Consumption of raw milk Obtaining milk from informal market | 8.5 (4.20–17.26) 7.3 (2.51–21.10) | [21] |
Isiolo | Pastoral | Household | Drinking raw milk Contact with aborted materials or Help during animal birth | 6.57 (2.92–14.82) 1.42 (0.76–2.64) 1.27 (0.71–2.27) | [33] |
Turkana | Pastoral and small holder | Individual | Pastoral production system Drinking raw blood Animal slaughter Communal grazing (exposure to goats) Communal grazing (exposure to cattle) | 1.8 (p = 0.007) 1.4 (p = 0.025) 1.9 (p < 0.001) 1.6 (p = 0.003) 2.8 (p < 0.001) | [30]b |
Marsabit | Pastoral | Household | Women Drinking of raw blood Consumption of raw milk Household milk harvesting | 1.62 (p < 0.001) 1.64 (p < 0.001) 1.64 (p = 0.001) 3.87 (p < 0.001) | [34]b |