Urban rural differences in diet, physical activity and obesity in India: are we witnessing the great Indian equalisation? Results from a cross-sectional STEPS survey

Table 5 Socio-demographic characteristics associated with obesity and lack of physical activity, STEPS Survey, Punjab, India, 2014

Characteristics	Total N	Obesity N (%)	OR (95 % CI)	P value	Less than WHO recommended physical activity N (%)	OR (95 % CI)	P value
Total	5032	672 (13)			1044 (21)
Age group in years
18–44	3279	370 (11)	1.0	Ref	695 (21)	1.0	Ref
45–69	1753	302 (17)	1.6 (1.4–1.9)	<0.001	349 (20)	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	0.3
Gender
Male	2326	265 (11)	1.0	Ref	334 (14)	1.0	Ref
Female	2706	407 (15)	1.4 (1.2–1.6)	<0.001	710 (26)	2.1 (1.8–2.4)	<0.001
Social group
SC/ST	1896	198 (10)	1.0	Ref	316 (17)	1.0	Ref
Other backward caste	683	94 (14)	1.4 (1.1–1.8)	0.02	141 (21)	1.3 (1.1–1.7)	0.006
General	2363	380 (16)	1.5 (1.3–1.8)	<0.001	587 (25)	1.6 (1.4–1.8)	<0.001
Educational status
Illiterate	1191	130 (11)	1.0	Ref	290 (24)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	0.005
Upto primary education	1243	185 (15)	1.4 (1.1–1.8)	0.003	234 (19)	0.9 (0.7–1.1)	0.4
Upto secondary education	748	106 (14)	1.3 (1.0–1.8)	0.03	148 (20)	1.0 (0.8–1.2)	0.8
Higher education	1850	251 (14)	1.3 (1.0–1.7)	0.03	372 (20)	1.0	Ref
Occupation
Government employee	181	34 (18)	3.4 (2.1–5.3)	<0.001	30 (17)	1.2 (0.8–1.8)	0.4
Non-government employee	948	61 (6)	1.0	Ref	135 (14)	1.0	Ref
Self-employed	1274	163 (13)	2.1 (1.6–2.9)	<0.001	193 (15)	1.1 (0.8–1.4)	0.6
Unpaid	2320	373 (16)	2.8 (2.1–3.7)	<0.001	609 (26)	2.1 (1.7–2.6)	<0.001
Unemployed	301	41 (13)	2.3 (1.5–3.5)	<0.001	77 (26)	2.1 (1.5–2.8)	<0.001

SCs and STs are groups of historically disadvantaged people in India recognised by the Constitution of India; OBC is a collective term used by the Constitution of India to classify castes which are socially and educationally disadvantaged although they are considered to be at a less disadvantageous position than SCs and STs; General category is a term used in India to denote a group other than OBCs, SCs and STs and are considered socially, educationally, and economically advanced; social group and marital status are unknown because participants refused to answer these questions; Unpaid includes student, homemaker and retired

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