Table 1 Differences in socio-demographics, transport behavior, perceptions, cycling skills, opinions and psychosocial determinants between the subgroups

Socio-demographic characteristics

 Age (yrs, M ± SD)

54.3 ± 5.6

54.7 ± 5.5

54.1 ± 5.5

54.3 ± 5.7

 Gender (% women)

56.8

47.8

60.9

56.5

 SES (% tertiary education)

64.6

68.1

65.2

63.5

 Area of residence (% village, town or rural)

59.4

54.3

56.7

62.0

 BMI (kg/m²)

25.2 ± 3.8

25.3 ± 4.2

25.2 ± 3.8

25.1 ± 3.7

 Cohabitation (%)

86.1

81.9

85.2

87.4

Transport behavior

 Motorized transport min/wk (M ± SD)

215.1 ± 252.2

210.9 ± 268.9

201.9 ± 227.6

223.0 ± 260.8

 Bicycle transport min/wk (M ± SD)

147.7 ± 171.1

178.8 ± 181.3^b,c

135.1 ± 147.6^a

148.0 ± 179.7^a

 Walk for transport min/wk (M ± SD)

63.5 ± 109.4

81.9 ± 136.3^b,c

63.6 ± 110.0^a

59.7 ± 102.4^a

 Bicycle leisure time min/wk (M ± SD)

120.3 ± 170.9

132.6 ± 174.2

114.5 ± 166.5

120.8 ± 172.5

 Number of motorized vehicles (M ± SD)

1.6 ± 1.0

1.3 ± 0.9^b,c

1.6 ± 1.0^a

1.6 ± 1.0^a

 Habit (1 item)

3.4 ± 1.5

3.7 ± 1.5^b,c

3.3 ± 1.5^a

3.3 ± 1.5^a

 Social norm (4 items, α = 0.90)

2.9 ± 1.2

3.0 ± 1.3

2.9 ± 1.2

2.8 ± 1.1

 Modeling (4 items, α = 0.55)

3.2 ± 0.8

3.3 ± 0.8^c

3.2 ± 0.8

3.1 ± 0.8^a

 Social support (4 items, α = 0.81)

2.4 ± 1.0

2.6 ± 1.0

2.4 ± 1.0

2.4 ± 0.9

 Self-efficacy (11 items, α = 0.92)

3.7 ± 0.9

3.9 ± 0.9^b,c

3.7 ± 0.9^a

3.7 ± 0.9^a

 Perceived benefits (10 items, α = 0.84)

4.0 ± 0.6

4.1 ± 0.6^b,c

4.0 ± 0.6^a

4.0 ± 0.6^a

 Perceived barriers (16 items, α = 0.90)

2.4 ± 0.7

2.3 ± 0.7^b,c

2.4 ± 0.7^a

2.4 ± 0.7^a

 Amount of single unit houses

3.0 ± 1.5

2.7 ± 1.5^b,c

3.0 ± 1.5^a

3.0 ± 1.4^a

 Presence of shops in the neighborhood

3.3 ± 1.4

3.4 ± 1.3

3.2 ± 1.4

3.3 ± 1.3

 Presence of a stop for public transport

4.3 ± 1.0

4.4 ± 1.0

4.3 ± 1.0

4.3 ± 1.0

 Presence of recreational opportunities (park, pool)

3.3 ± 1.4

3.5 ± 1.4

3.3 ± 1.4

3.3 ± 1.4

 Neighborhood traffic safety

3.2 ± 1.1

3.3 ± 1.1

3.1 ± 1.1

3.2 ± 1.1

 Neighborhood safety of crime

2.2 ± 1.0

2.1 ± 1.0

2.1 ± 1.0

2.2 ± 1.0

 Sufficient cycling infrastructure

3.1 ± 1.1

3.0 ± 1.1

3.1 ± 1.1

3.1 ± 1.1

 Neighborhood social environment

3.4 ± 1.0

3.4 ± 1.0

3.4 ± 1.0

3.4 ± 1.0

 Good maintenance of cycling infrastructure

2.9 ± 1.1

2.8 ± 1.1

2.9 ± 1.1

2.9 ± 1.1

 Presence of vegetation

3.1 ± 1.1

3.1 ± 1.1

3.1 ± 1.1

3.1 ± 1.1

Cycling skills (5-point scale) (M ± SD)

4.1 ± 0.7

4.1 ± 0.8

4.1 ± 0.7

4.1 ± 0.7

 As a cyclist I feel vulnerable in the traffic

3.7 ± 0.9

3.9 ± 0.9^b

3.7 ± 1.0^a,c

3.7 ± 0.9^b

 Importance of a fluorescent vest or bicycle helmet

4.9 ± 1.8

4.9 ± 1.8

4.7 ± 1.8^c

5.0 ± 1.8^b

 I prefer the safest cycling route

3.8 ± 0.9

3.9 ± 1.0^b

3.7 ± 0.9^a,c

3.9 ± 0.9^b

 I prefer the shortest cycling route

3.2 ± 1.0

3.2 ± 1.0

3.2 ± 1.0

3.2 ± 0.9

 I prefer the most beautiful cycling route

3.6 ± 0.9

3.6 ± 0.9

3.6 ± 0.9

3.6 ± 0.9

 I prefer to cycle alone

3.6 ± 1.0

3.7 ± 1.0^c

3.7 ± 1.0^c

3.5 ± 1.1^a,b