Table 1 Descriptive statistics

Dependent variables

 Katz ADL:

20.31 %

  0 = Require assistance

  1 = Moderately independent

35.81 %

  2 = Highly independent

43.88 %

 Self-assessment of general health status (SAHS_1): 1 = Generally unhealthy, 0 = Generally healthy

0.41

 Self-assessment of future health (SAHS_2): 1 = Unlikely to improve, 0 = Likely to improve

0.25

 Chronic illness: hypertension = 1if diagnosed with hypertension, 0 if otherwise

0.23

 Chronic illness = 1if diagnosed with at least one chronic illness, 0 if otherwise

0.32

 Self-assessed Mental health = 1 if respondent experienced at least one adverse issue, 0 if otherwise

0.26

Instrumental variable

 Community conflicts:

  No violence/conflicts

39.80 %

  Occasional violence/conflicts

49.84 %

  More frequent violence/conflicts

10.36 %

Independent variables

 50 years old and older

59.27

 Age 50–60 years

0.65

 Aged 61–70

0.27

 Aged 71 or more

0.08

 Male = 1, female = 0

0.54

 Married = 1, 0 otherwise

0.77

 Rural = 1, 0 = urban

0.73

 Household size

4.39

 DV with 1 = disaster occurred in the area within the past five years, 0 = otherwise

0.25

 DV with 1 = there are health centres for the elderly in the area, 0 = otherwise

0.28

 DV for 1 = not Islam, 0 = otherwise

0.46

 DV for No education

0.14

 DV for Elementary education or equivalent

0.56

 DV for Junior high education or equivalent

0.13

 DV for Senior high education or equivalent

0.11

 DV for University education or higher

0.06

 DV for Employed

0.71

 DV for Housekeeper

0.18

 DV for Other employment avenues or unemployed

0.10

 Log of monthly HH expenditure

14.74

 The number of medical workers who service this community

1.42

 Social Capital I – Neighbourhood Trust

  Little/No trust

1.71 %

  Moderate level of trust

47.39 %

  Highly trusting

50.90 %

 Social Capital II – Community Participation

  No participation

16.15 %

  Little participation

42.82 %

  Moderate to active participation

41.03 %