Table 2 Bivariable and multivariable GEE analyses of factors associated with public crack smoking in the previous six months among VIDUS and ACCESS participants who smoked crack in Vancouver, Canada (n = 1085)

Age

 (per one-year decrease)

1.06 (1.05 – 1.08)

<0.001

1.03 (1.01 – 1.04)

<0.001

Gender

 (female vs. male)

1.09 (0.86 – 1.39)

0.465

HIV serostatus

 (positive vs. negative)

0.71 (0.56 – 0.91)

0.006

Homelessness^a

 (yes vs. no)

4.55 (3.71 – 5.59)

<0.001

3.48 (2.77 – 4.36)

<0.001

Drug dealing^a

 (yes vs. no)

2.76 (2.30 – 3.32)

<0.001

1.59 (1.30 – 1.94)

<0.001

Sex work^a

 (yes vs. no)

1.94 (1.48 – 2.54)

<0.001

 (≥ daily vs. < daily)

3.11 (2.59 – 3.74)

<0.001

2.69 (2.19 – 3.31)

<0.001

 (yes vs. no)

2.78 (2.31 – 3.34)

<0.001

1.98 (1.60 – 2.46)

<0.001

 (yes vs. no)

1.44 (1.24 – 1.67)

<0.001

Heroin injection^a

 (≥ daily vs. < daily)

2.21 (1.72 – 2.84)

<0.001

Cocaine injection^a

 (≥ daily vs. < daily)

1.48 (1.09 – 1.99)

0.011

 (≥ daily vs. < daily)

0.89 (0.57 – 1.40)

0.626

Public injection drug use^a

 (Always or usually vs. sometimes, occasionally or never)

7.46 (5.42 – 10.28)

<0.001

5.42 (3.76 – 7.82)

<0.001

Noticed police presence^a

 (yes vs. no)

1.67 (1.42 – 1.97)

<0.001

1.30 (1.06 – 1.60)

0.013

 (yes vs. no)

1.98 (1.61 – 2.44)

<0.001

Incarceration^a

 (yes vs. no)

2.36 (1.79 – 3.11)

<0.001

1.47 (1.09 – 1.98)

0.011

 (yes vs. no)

0.95 (0.78 – 1.16)

0.622

Victim of violence^a

 (yes vs. no)

1.52 (1.22 – 1.88)

<0.001