Table 2 Prevalence and multivariate adjusted relative risk (RR) with (95 % Cl) for vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency compared to the sufficient group S-[OH]D > 50 nmol/L
Vitamin D deficiency | Vitamin D insufficiency | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S-25[OH]D ≤ 25 nmol/L | 25 nmol/L < S-[OH]D ≤ 50 nmol/L | |||||
Modifiable variables | n/ntotal | RR | P | n/ntotal | RR | P |
Exercise (hours last 7 days) | ||||||
7 and above | 22/112 | 1 Reference | . | 44/134 | 1 Reference | . |
4 to 7 | 17/85 | 0.99 (0.60, 1.64) | 0.97 | 33/101 | 0.91 (0.64, 1.30) | 0.61 |
2 to 4 | 24/92 | 1.12 (0.71, 1.76) | 0.64 | 52/120 | 1.22 (0.88, 1.69) | 0.24 |
1/2 to 2 | 38/107 | 1.55 (1.02, 2.36) | 0.04 | 59/128 | 1.26 (0.92, 1.72) | 0.16 |
0 to 1/2 | 34/66 | 1.88 (1.21, 2.94) | 0.01 | 50/82 | 1.51 (1.11, 2.06) | 0.01 |
Smoking status (last 7 days) | ||||||
Non Smoker | 82/315 | 1 Reference | . | 152/385 | 1 Reference | . |
Smoker | 53/147 | 1.33 (1.02, 1.73) | 0.034 | 86/180 | 1.08 (0.88, 1.33) | 0.455 |
Alcohol (units last 7 days) | ||||||
0 Non drinker | 77/214 | 1 Reference | . | 103/240 | 1 Reference | . |
1 to 4 | 29/102 | 0.73 (0.52, 1.03) | 0.08 | 54/127 | 0.99 (0.77, 1.28) | 0.94 |
5 or more | 29/146 | 0.68 (0.47, 0.97) | 0.03 | 81/198 | 0.99 (0.79, 1.25) | 0.94 |
Fast food (meals last 7 days) | ||||||
0 | 19/116 | 1 Reference | . | 59/156 | 1 Reference | . |
1 | 63/189 | 1.59 (1.05, 2.43) | 0.03 | 90/216 | 1.11 (0.87, 1.43) | 0.40 |
2 or more | 53/157 | 1.41 (0.90, 2.22) | 0.14 | 89/193 | 1.13 (0.87, 1.47) | 0.34 |
Education (currently attending) | ||||||
Vocational/Trade school | 30/57 | 1.23 (0.90, 1.69) | 0.20 | 40/67 | 1.14 (0.89, 1.47) | 0.30 |
Gymnasium | 33/119 | 0.89 (0.64, 1.26) | 0.52 | 37/123 | 0.80 (0.58, 1.11) | 0.18 |
Bachelor’s degree | 9/78 | 0.40 (0.23, 0.68) | <.001 | 34/103 | 0.76 (0.56, 1.02) | 0.07 |
Master’s degree | 63/208 | 1 Reference | . | 127/272 | 1 Reference | . |
Living Status | ||||||
Left home | 58/163 | 1 Reference | . | 67/172 | 1 Reference | . |
Live with parents | 77/299 | 0.83 (0.63, 1.08) | 0.17 | 171/393 | 1.09 (0.86, 1.39) | 0.46 |
BMI level | ||||||
Underweight | 3/14 | 0.61 (0.24, 1.59) | 0.31 | 7/18 | 0.93 (0.51, 1.70) | 0.82 |
Normal | 87/347 | 1 Reference | . | 174/434 | 1 Reference | . |
Overweight | 37/89 | 1.26 (0.93, 1.71) | 0.13 | 44/96 | 1.05 (0.82, 1.35) | 0.68 |
Obese | 8/12 | 2.00 (1.27, 3.15) | 0.003 | 13/17 | 1.57 (1.17, 2.11) | 0.003 |
Non-modifiable variables | ||||||
Season | ||||||
Summer | 11/140 | 1 Reference | . | 41/170 | 1 Reference | . |
Winter | 124/322 | 3.84 (2.16, 6.85) | <.001 | 197/395 | 1.76 (1.30, 2.39) | <.001 |
Ethnicity/Race | ||||||
Caucasian | 102/414 | 1 Reference | . | 218/530 | 1 Reference | . |
Other | 33/48 | 2.16 (1.64, 2.84) | <.001 | 20/35 | 1.36 (0.99, 1.85) | 0.05 |
Sex | ||||||
Women | 45/226 | 1 Reference | . | 113/294 | 1 Reference | . |
Men | 90/236 | 2.09 (1.52, 2.87) | <.001 | 125/271 | 1.31 (1.06, 1.61) | 0.012 |