Table 1 Characteristics of the study population by metabolic phenotype among overweight and obese individuals
Characteristics | Overweight (BMIa 25.00–29.99 kg/m2) | Obese All (BMIa ≥30.00 kg/m2) | p-value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 171,368 | n = 70,052 | |||||
Healthy | Unhealthy | Healthy | Unhealthy | Healthy | Unhealthy | |
n = 149,231 | n = 22,137 | n = 38,600 | n = 31,452 | |||
Prevalence, % | 33.1 | 4.9 | 8.6 | 7.0 | ||
(95 % CI) b | (32.9–33.2) | (4.8–5.0) | (8.5–8.6) | (6.9–7.0) | ||
Age (years), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 37.3 [10.5] | 44.1 [10.6] | 37.7 [10.7] | 42.9 [10.7] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
(37.2–37.4) | (44.0–44.3) | (37.6–37.8) | (42.7–43.0) | |||
Female, % | 16.5 | 11.7 | 18.4 | 11.9 | <0.0001 | 0.5889 |
(95 % CI)b | (16.3–16.7) | (11.3–12.1) | (18.0–18.8) | (11.5–12.2) | ||
Blue-collar worker, % | 69.8 | 71.3 | 74.2 | 75.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
(95 % CI)b | (69.6–70.0) | (70.7–71.9) | (73.7–74.6) | (74.7–75.6) | ||
Smoking status, % (95 % CI)b | ||||||
Never smoker | 38.9 | 29.5 | 38.6 | 30.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
(38.6–39.1) | (28.9–30.1) | (38.1–39.1) | (29.6–30.6) | |||
Former smoker (stopped smoking ≥1 year ago) | 15.2 | 20.3 | 16.8 | 21.4 | ||
(15.0–15.4) | (19.7–20.8) | (16.4–17.2) | (20.9–21.8) | |||
Former smoker (stopped smoking <1 year ago) | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.7 | ||
(3.1–3.3) | (3.3–3.8) | (3.2–3.5) | (3.5–4.0) | |||
Current smoker | 42.7 | 46.8 | 41.3 | 44.8 | ||
(42.5–43.0) | (46.1–47.4) | (40.8–41.8) | (44.2–45.3) | |||
Heavy drinker, % | 2.1 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 0.8921 | 0.078 |
(95 % CI)b | (2.1–2.2) | (2.8–3.3) | (2.0–2.3) | (3.1–3.5) | ||
Physical exercised, % (95 % CI)b | ||||||
Regular physical exercise | 21.5 | 14.6 | 15.9 | 11.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
(21.0–21.9) | (13.5–15.8) | (15.2–16.6) | (10.7–12.3) | |||
≥2 h/week of physical exercise | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 9.0 | ||
(9.9–10.6) | (9.2–11.2) | (10.1–11.3) | (8.3–9.8) | |||
<2 h/week physical exercise | 16.5 | 15.3 | 14.8 | 13.0 | ||
(16.1–16.9) | (14.2–16.5) | (14.2–15.5) | (12.2–13.9) | |||
No physical exercise | 51.8 | 59.9 | 58.6 | 66.5 | ||
(51.3–52.3) | (58.3–61.5) | (57.6–59.5) | (65.3–67.7) | |||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 127.3 [15.2] | 139.9 [16.0] | 130.4 [15.9] | 141.6 [16.8] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
(127.2–127.4) | (139.6–140.1) | (130.2–130.6) | (141.5–141.8) | |||
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 76.8 [10.1] | 84.3 [10.2] | 79.6 [10.6] | 86.2 [10.8] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
(76.8–76.9) | (84.1–84.4) | (79.5–79.7) | (86.1–86.3) | |||
Hypertension, % | 44.6 | 89.6 | 52.2 | 89.1 | <0.0001 | 0.0810 |
(95 % CI)b | (44.4–44.9) | (89.2–90.0) | (51.7–52.7) | (88.8–89.5) | ||
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 51.4 [12.0] | 43.1 [11.3] | 50.4 [11.3] | 43.8 [10.7] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
(51.3–51.4) | (42.9–43.2) | (50.3–50.5) | (43.6–43.9) | |||
Triglycerides (mg/dL), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 109.2 [70.0] | 210.1 [133.4] | 114.2 [69.1] | 198.1 [127.7] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
(108.9–109.6) | (208.3–211.8) | (113.5–114.9) | (196.7–199.5) | |||
Hypertriglyceridemia, % | 17.3 | 77.9 | 15.5 | 66.9 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
(95 % CI)b | (17.1–17.5) | (77.3–78.4) | (15.2–15.9) | (66.4–67.4) | ||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 201.4 [40.5] | 217.5 [44.0] | 203.9 [38.6] | 216.1 [42.6] | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
(201.2–201.6) | (216.9–218.1) | (203.5–204.3) | (215.6–216.6) | |||
Hypercholesterolemia, % | 50.2 | 69.0 | 53.0 | 66.9 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
(95 % CI)b | (49.9–50.4) | (68.4–69.6) | (52.5–53.5) | (66.4–67.5) | ||
Glucose level (mg/dL), mean [SD]c (95 % CI) | 89.2 [14.7] | 107.4 [33.0] | 89.5 [12.9] | 106.7 [33.3] | 0.0008 | 0.0092 |
(89.1–89.3) | (107.0–107.9) | (89.3–89.6) | (106.3–107) | |||
BMI (kg/m2), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 27.1 [1.4] | 27.8 [1.4] | 32.6 [3.0] | 33.7 [3.4] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
(27.1–27.1) | (27.8–27.9) | (32.5–32.6) | (33.7–33.7) | |||
Waist circumference (cm), mean [SD]c (95 % CI)b | 91.1 [7.5] | 97.6 [7.5] | 102.1 [9.7] | 109.2 [9.0] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
(91.1–91.2) | (97.5–97.7) | (102–102.2) | (109.1–109.3) | |||