| |
Urban
| |
Rural
| |
Overall
| |
|---|
| |
Mean (SD) or prevalence (%)b
|
ρ (95 % CI)
|
Mean (SD) or prevalence (%)
|
ρ (95 % CI)
|
Mean (SD) or prevalence (%)
|
ρ (95 % CI)
|
|---|
|
Social characteristics
| | | | | | |
|
Ongoing tobacco use
|
15.2 %
|
0.022 (0.000–0.073)
|
19.6 %
|
0.042 (0.000–0.159)
|
18.0 %
|
0.028 (0.000–0.075)
|
|
Ongoing alcohol use
|
35.4 %
|
0.069 (0.000–0.145)
|
45.8 %
|
0.331 (0.007–0.654)
|
41.9 %
|
0.125 (0.034–0.216)
|
|
Self-reported medical history
| | | | | | |
|
Diabetes
|
9.68 %
|
0.035 (0.000–0.094)
|
5.51 %
|
0.059(0.000–0.194)
|
7.06 %
|
0.045 (0.000–0.100)
|
|
Hypertension
|
20.7 %
|
0.109 (0.012–0.207)
|
16.1 %
|
0.014 (0.000–0.101)
|
17.8 %
|
0.100 (0.020–0.181)
|
|
Stroke
|
11.8 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.039)
|
2.07 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.070)
|
17.4 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.033)
|
|
Heart disease
|
2.64 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.039)
|
0.72 %
|
0.047 (0.000–0.169)
|
1.44 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.033)
|
|
Tuberculosis
|
2.92 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.039)
|
0.00 %
|
N/Aa
|
1.09 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.033)
|
|
Hepatitis
|
2.48 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.039)
|
1.17 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.070)
|
1.66 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.033)
|
|
Malaria
|
87.8 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.039)
|
89.0 %
|
0.001 (0.000–0.073)
|
88.6 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.033)
|
|
Cancer
|
1.04 %
|
0.009 (0.000–0.039)
|
0.00 %
|
N/Aa
|
0.39 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.033)
|
|
COPD/asthma
|
3.39 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.039)
|
1.31 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.071)
|
2.08 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.033)
|
|
HIV/AIDS
|
5.19 %
|
0.048 (0.000–0.113)
|
0.59 %
|
0.010 (0.000–0.093)
|
0.99 %
|
0.054 (0.006–0.114)
|
|
Kidney disease
|
3.29 %
|
0.010 (0.000–0.054)
|
0.00 %
|
N/Aa
|
1.22 %
|
0.020 (0.000–0.063)
|
|
Health outcome
| | | | | | |
|
Hypertension
|
19.4 %
|
0.056 (0.000–0.125)
|
33.2 %
|
0.167 (0.000–0.398)
|
28.0 %
|
0.075 (0.001–0.126)
|
|
Obesity
|
25.1 %
|
0.035 (0.000–0.094)
|
15.6 %
|
0.009 (0.000–0.091)
|
19.1 %
|
0.040 (0.000–0.093)
|
|
Glucose impairment
|
24.0 %
|
0.025 (0.000–0.078)
|
20.3 %
|
0.110 (0.000–0.293)
|
21.7 %
|
0.039 (0.000–0.918)
|
|
Pre-diabetes
|
15.8 %
|
0.001 (0.000–0.040)
|
16.1 %
|
0.149 (0.000–0.367)
|
16.0 %
|
0.031 (0.000–0.079)
|
|
Diabetes
|
8.21 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.039)
|
4.20 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.070)
|
5.70 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.033)
|
|
Chronic kidney disease
|
15.2 %
|
0.036 (0.000–0.094)
|
2.03 %
|
0.000 (0.000–0.070)
|
7.00 %
|
0.044 (0.000–0.096)
|
|
Physical and laboratory measurements
| | | | | | |
|
SBP (mmHg)
|
124.0 (24.3)
|
0.024 (0.000–0.077)
|
132.8 (26.4)
|
0.207 (0.000–0.467)
|
129.5 (24.3)
|
0.064 (0.000–0.129)
|
|
DBP (mmHg)
|
76.1 (12.3)
|
0.025 (0.000–0.077)
|
78.5 (12.1)
|
0.199 (0.000–0.453)
|
77.6(12.2)
|
0.056 (0.000–0.116)
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
26.2 (8.23)
|
0.049 (0.000–0.115)
|
25.6 (13.7)
|
0.031 (0.000–0.136)
|
25.8 (12.0)
|
0.032 (0.000–0.081)
|
|
HbA1C (%)
|
5.98 (1.28)
|
0.000 (0.000–0.039)
|
6.83 (12.7)
|
0.025 (0.000–0.123)
|
6.51 (10.1)
|
0.012 (0.000–0.050)
|
|
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)
|
68.2 (27.2)
|
0.000 (0.000–0.040)
|
61.8 (13.6)
|
0.049 (0.000–0.174)
|
64.2 (20.0)
|
0.000 (0.000–0.034)
|
|
Albuminuria
|
14.1 %
|
0.015 (0.000–0.063)
|
1.31 %
|
0.014 (0.000–0.100)
|
6.08 %
|
0.038 (0.000–0.090)
|
|
eGFR (mg/L/min)(MDRD)
|
104.7 (24.4)
|
0.078 (0.000–0.161)
|
128.5 (203.2)
|
0.001 (0.000–0.073)
|
119.7 (161.9)
|
0.005 (0.000–0.041)
|
|
eGFR (mg/L/min) (CKD-EPI)
|
119.0 (26.6)
|
0.048 (0.000–0.117)
|
146.1 (224.3)
|
0.000 (0.000–0.073)
|
136.5 (222.1)
|
0.000 (0.000–0.036)
|
-
SD standard deviation, ρ intra-cluster correlation coefficient, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, MDRD modification of diet in renal disease equation (without the race factor) for eGFR, CKD-EPI CKD epidemiology collaboration equation (without the race factor) for eGFR
-
aToo few positive events/outcomes were observed in these categories, bAge-and gender-weighted estimates
