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Table 2 Population-based intra-cluster correlation coefficients (ρ) for neighborhood clustering; N = 481 (CKD-AFRiKA, 2014)
| Urban | Rural | Overall | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or prevalence (%)b | ρ (95 % CI) | Mean (SD) or prevalence (%) | ρ (95 % CI) | Mean (SD) or prevalence (%) | ρ (95 % CI) | |
| Social characteristics | ||||||
| Ongoing tobacco use | 15.2 % | 0.022 (0.000–0.073) | 19.6 % | 0.042 (0.000–0.159) | 18.0 % | 0.028 (0.000–0.075) |
| Ongoing alcohol use | 35.4 % | 0.069 (0.000–0.145) | 45.8 % | 0.331 (0.007–0.654) | 41.9 % | 0.125 (0.034–0.216) |
| Self-reported medical history | ||||||
| Diabetes | 9.68 % | 0.035 (0.000–0.094) | 5.51 % | 0.059(0.000–0.194) | 7.06 % | 0.045 (0.000–0.100) |
| Hypertension | 20.7 % | 0.109 (0.012–0.207) | 16.1 % | 0.014 (0.000–0.101) | 17.8 % | 0.100 (0.020–0.181) |
| Stroke | 11.8 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.039) | 2.07 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.070) | 17.4 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.033) |
| Heart disease | 2.64 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.039) | 0.72 % | 0.047 (0.000–0.169) | 1.44 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.033) |
| Tuberculosis | 2.92 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.039) | 0.00 % | N/Aa | 1.09 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.033) |
| Hepatitis | 2.48 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.039) | 1.17 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.070) | 1.66 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.033) |
| Malaria | 87.8 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.039) | 89.0 % | 0.001 (0.000–0.073) | 88.6 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.033) |
| Cancer | 1.04 % | 0.009 (0.000–0.039) | 0.00 % | N/Aa | 0.39 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.033) |
| COPD/asthma | 3.39 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.039) | 1.31 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.071) | 2.08 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.033) |
| HIV/AIDS | 5.19 % | 0.048 (0.000–0.113) | 0.59 % | 0.010 (0.000–0.093) | 0.99 % | 0.054 (0.006–0.114) |
| Kidney disease | 3.29 % | 0.010 (0.000–0.054) | 0.00 % | N/Aa | 1.22 % | 0.020 (0.000–0.063) |
| Health outcome | ||||||
| Hypertension | 19.4 % | 0.056 (0.000–0.125) | 33.2 % | 0.167 (0.000–0.398) | 28.0 % | 0.075 (0.001–0.126) |
| Obesity | 25.1 % | 0.035 (0.000–0.094) | 15.6 % | 0.009 (0.000–0.091) | 19.1 % | 0.040 (0.000–0.093) |
| Glucose impairment | 24.0 % | 0.025 (0.000–0.078) | 20.3 % | 0.110 (0.000–0.293) | 21.7 % | 0.039 (0.000–0.918) |
| Pre-diabetes | 15.8 % | 0.001 (0.000–0.040) | 16.1 % | 0.149 (0.000–0.367) | 16.0 % | 0.031 (0.000–0.079) |
| Diabetes | 8.21 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.039) | 4.20 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.070) | 5.70 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.033) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 15.2 % | 0.036 (0.000–0.094) | 2.03 % | 0.000 (0.000–0.070) | 7.00 % | 0.044 (0.000–0.096) |
| Physical and laboratory measurements | ||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 124.0 (24.3) | 0.024 (0.000–0.077) | 132.8 (26.4) | 0.207 (0.000–0.467) | 129.5 (24.3) | 0.064 (0.000–0.129) |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.1 (12.3) | 0.025 (0.000–0.077) | 78.5 (12.1) | 0.199 (0.000–0.453) | 77.6(12.2) | 0.056 (0.000–0.116) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 (8.23) | 0.049 (0.000–0.115) | 25.6 (13.7) | 0.031 (0.000–0.136) | 25.8 (12.0) | 0.032 (0.000–0.081) |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.98 (1.28) | 0.000 (0.000–0.039) | 6.83 (12.7) | 0.025 (0.000–0.123) | 6.51 (10.1) | 0.012 (0.000–0.050) |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 68.2 (27.2) | 0.000 (0.000–0.040) | 61.8 (13.6) | 0.049 (0.000–0.174) | 64.2 (20.0) | 0.000 (0.000–0.034) |
| Albuminuria | 14.1 % | 0.015 (0.000–0.063) | 1.31 % | 0.014 (0.000–0.100) | 6.08 % | 0.038 (0.000–0.090) |
| eGFR (mg/L/min)(MDRD) | 104.7 (24.4) | 0.078 (0.000–0.161) | 128.5 (203.2) | 0.001 (0.000–0.073) | 119.7 (161.9) | 0.005 (0.000–0.041) |
| eGFR (mg/L/min) (CKD-EPI) | 119.0 (26.6) | 0.048 (0.000–0.117) | 146.1 (224.3) | 0.000 (0.000–0.073) | 136.5 (222.1) | 0.000 (0.000–0.036) |
