Variable (n, %)
|
Urban
|
Rural
|
Total
|
---|
(n = 370)
|
(n = 111)
|
(n = 481)
|
---|
Gender (female)
|
278 (75.1 %)
|
80 (72.1 %)
|
358 (74.4 %)
|
Age
| | | |
18–39 years old
|
138 (37.3 %)
|
34 (30.6 %)
|
172 (35.8 %)
|
40–59 years old
|
145 (39.2 %)
|
46 (41.5 %)
|
191 (39.7 %)
|
60+ years old
|
87 (23.5 %)
|
31 (27.9 %)
|
118 (24.5 %)
|
Ethnicity
| | | |
Chagga
|
230 (62.2 %)
|
58 (52.3 %)
|
288 (59.9 %)
|
Pare
|
35 (9.5 %)
|
31 (27.9 %)
|
66 (13.7 %
|
Sambaa
|
18 (4.9 %)
|
9 (8.1 %)
|
27 (5.6 %)
|
Othera
|
87 (23.5 %)
|
13 (11.7 %)
|
100 (20.8 %)
|
Education
| | | |
None
|
27 (7.3 %)
|
4 (3.6 %)
|
31 (6.4 %)
|
Primary
|
253 (68.4 %)
|
96 (86.5 %)
|
349 (72.6 %)
|
Secondary
|
64 (17.3 %)
|
10 (9.0 %)
|
74 (15.4 %)
|
Post-secondary
|
26 (7.0 %)
|
1 (0.9 %)
|
27 (5.6 %)
|
Occupation
| | | |
Unemployedb
|
71 (19.2 %)
|
3 (2.7 %)
|
74 (15.4 %)
|
Farmer/wage earner
|
114 (30.8 %)
|
85 (76.6 %)
|
199 (41.4 %)
|
Small business/vendors
|
143 (38.6 %)
|
15 (13.5 %)
|
158 (32.8 %)
|
Professionalc
|
42 (11.4 %)
|
8 (7.2 %)
|
50 (10.4 %)
|
Social characteristics
| | | |
Ongoing tobacco use
|
34 (9.2 %)
|
16 (14.4 %)
|
50 (10.4 %)
|
Ongoing alcohol use
|
146 (39.5 %)
|
52 (46.9 %)
|
198 (41.2 %)
|
Self-reported medical history
| | | |
Diabetes
|
53 (14.3 %)
|
8 (7.2 %)
|
61 (12.7 %)
|
Hypertension
|
113 (30.6 %)
|
21 (19.1 %)
|
134 (28.0 %)
|
Stroke
|
6 (1.6 %)
|
2 (1.8 %)
|
8 (1.7 %)
|
Heart diseased
|
17 (4.6 %)
|
1 (0.9 %)
|
18 (3.7 %)
|
Tuberculosis
|
10 (2.7 %)
|
0 (0 %)
|
10 (2.1 %)
|
Hepatitis
|
12 (3.2 %)
|
2 (1.8 %)
|
14 (2.9 %)
|
Malaria
|
329 (88.9 %)
|
98 (88.3 %)
|
427 (88.8 %)
|
Cancer
|
6 (1.6 %)
|
0 (0 %)
|
6 (1.3 %)
|
COPD/asthma
|
23 (6.2 %)
|
2 (1.8 %)
|
25 (5.2 %)
|
HIV/AIDS
|
20 (5.4 %)
|
1 (0.9 %)
|
21 (4.4 %)
|
Kidney disease
|
14 (3.8 %)
|
0 (0 %)
|
14 (2.9 %)
|
Health condition
| | | |
Hypertension
|
112 (30.3 %)
|
37 (33.3 %)
|
149 (31.0 %)
|
Obesity
|
116 (31.4 %)
|
22 (19.8 %)
|
138 (28.7 %)
|
Glucose impairment
|
102 (27.6 %)
|
27 (24.3 %)
|
129 (26.8 %)
|
Pre-diabetes
|
63 (17.0 %)
|
21 (18.9 %)
|
84 (17.5 %)
|
Diabetes
|
39 (10.5 %)
|
6 (5.4 %)
|
45 (9.4 %)
|
Chronic kidney disease
|
54 (14.6 %)
|
3 (2.70 %)
|
57 (11.9 %)
|
Design parameters
| | | |
Neighborhood clusters (k)
|
23
|
6
|
29
|
Median cluster size (IQR)
|
12.0 (7.5–19.5)
|
16.0 (15–26)
|
13.0 (9–21)
|
Cluster size range
|
6–49
|
11–32
|
6–49
|
Participants enrolled
|
370
|
111
|
481
|
-
aOther tribal ethnicities represented in our groups include Luguru, Kilindi, Kurya, Mziguwa, Mnyisanzu, Rangi, Jita, Nyambo, and Kaguru
-
bIncluded housewives and students
-
cProfessional included any salaried position (e.g. nurse, teacher, government employee, etc.) and retired persons
-
dHeart disease included coronary disease, heart failure, or structural diseases