Table 2 Comparison of biochemical profiles among the male Orang Asli and male Urban Malays

   TC, mmol/L^a

Mean (SD)

3.95 (0.96)

4.09 (0.73)

5.13 (1.12)^c,d

3.45 (0.21)

4.59 (0.90)

5.01 (1.22)

5.59 (0.88)^c,d,g,h

0.81

   % of the subjects

>5.2

5.26

4.35

46.67

0

35.29

55.56

69.23

   HDL-C, mmol/L^a

Mean (SD)

0.99 (0.18)

1.14 (0.23)

1.18 (0.37)

0.70 (0.00)^c,d,h,i

1.18 (0.45)

1.00 (0.51)

1.48 (0.29)^c,d,g

1.13

   % of the subjects

<1.0

31.50

21.74

40.00

100

29.41

55.56

0

   LDL-C, mmol/L^a

Mean (SD)

2.34 (0.85)

2.52 (0.63)

3.25 (0.90)^c

2.15 (0.35)

2.88 (0.95)

3.29 (1.19)

3.67 (0.81)^c,d

1.10

   % of the subjects

>4.1 (very high risk)

0

0

20.00

0

11.76

22.22

34.62

<4.1 (high risk)

15.79

8.70

13.33

0

23.53

33.33

23.08

<3.4 (moderate)

21.05

39.13

46.67

0

29.41

33.33

34.62

<2.6 (low risk)

63.16

52.17

20.00

100

35.29

11.11

7.69

   TG, mmol/L^a

Mean (SD)

1.36 (0.96)

0.91 (0.36)

1.61 (0.82)^d

1.15 (0.21)

1.17 (0.50)

1.59 (0.82)

1.00 (0.34)

1.60

   % of the subjects

>1.7

26.32

8.70

33.33

0

11.76

33.33

7.69

   FBG, mmol/L^b

Mean (SD)

5.05 (1.00)

5.10 (0.80)

5.70 (3.00)^c,d

5.85 (0.00)

5.80 (2.40)^c

5.30 (0.80)

4.90 (0.50)^h,i

0.38

   % of the subjects

3.5–6.0 (normal)

88.89

86.36

50.00

100

53.33

88.89

96.00

6.1–6.9 (IFG)

11.11

9.09

21.43

0

20.00

11.11

4.00

>7.0 (DM)

0

4.55

28.57

0

26.67

0

0

   HbAlc, %^b

Mean (SD)

5.20 (0.50)

5.30 (0.40)

5.45 (0.60)

-

5.2

5.20 (0.60)

5.40 (0.40)

0.80

   % of the subjects

<4.8

5.26

0

7.14

-

0

11.11

11.54

4.8–5.9

94.74

100.00

78.57

-

100.00

88.89

88.46

>5.9

0

0

14.29

-

0

0

0

   Insulin, pmol/L^a

Mean (SD)

91.57 (86.82)

95.89 (88.44)

176.95 (220.37)

17.7 (4.67)^e,i

98.06 (102.28)

140.88 (111.56)

66.54 (83.29)

1.70

   % of the subjects

<17.8

15.79

0

0

50.00

5.88

0

3.85

17.8–173.0

68.42

73.91

80.00

50.00

82.35

55.56

92.31

>173.0

15.79

26.09

20.00

0

11.76

44.44

3.85

   hs-CRP, nmol/L^a

Mean (SD)

10.55 (10.72)

21.28 (23.87)

28.02 (36.90)

28.10 (24.89)

8.81 (17.51)^d,i

10.24 (15.42)

16.38 (21.26)

0.60

   % of the subjects

<9.5 (low risk)

68.42

39.13

46.67

0

82.35

66.67

61.54

9.5–28.6 (moderate)

21.05

39.13

26.67

50.00

5.88

22.22

15.38

>28.6 (high risk)

10.53

21.74

26.67

50.00

11.76

11.11

23.08

   Urea, mmol/L^a

<8.3

4.00 (1.51)

4.07 (1.18)

3.35 (0.89)

6.55 (3.75)

2.92 (1.32)

3.24 (106)

4.28 (0.58)^h

2.30

   Creatinine, mol/L^a

<106

83.68 (10.57)

82.00 (7.56)

79.07 (18.12)

148.50 (86.97)

74.65 (16.54)

61.11 (11.58)^c,d

90.56 (12.48)^e

3.10

   Sodium, mmol/L^a

136.0–145.0

140.33 (1.41)

137.74 (1.57)^c

136.47 (2.70)^c,e

139.00 (0.00)

138.38 (2.79)

139.50 (195)

137.78 (1.56)^c

0.24

   Potassium, nmol/L^a

3.5–5.1

4.26 (0.38)

3.91 (0.28)^c

3.75 (0.30)^c

4.30 (0.14)

4.72 (0.48)^c

4.33 (0.42)^h,i

4.77 (0.62)^d,h,i

0.44

   Albumin, g/L^b

35.0–52.0

45.60 (4.40)

47.40 (3.00)^c

48.50 (5.70)^c

43.80 (0.00)

45.90 (4.00)ⁱ

46.60 (5.70)

50.40 (3.10)^c,^d,^g,^h

1.90

   Total protein, g/L^a

66.0–87.0

73.98 (3.28)

77.30 (4.13)

79.21 (7.09)

71.90 (2.55)

75.40 (7.32)

78.80 (6.41)

76.41 (4.10)

1.12

   ALP, U/L^b

40.0–129.0

82.10 (20.40)

91.50 (39.00)

79.70 (47.60)

80.35 (0.00)

102.30 (38.40)

67.00 (14.60)^c,d,h

66.20 (17.40)^c,d,h,i

1.60

   ALT, U/L^a

<41.0

17.70 (5.94)

15.49 (6.81)

9.50 (4.90)^c,d

12.10 (0.42)^c

18.90 (10.44)ⁱ

27.18 (28.00)

22.47 (12.89)^g,i

1.00

   Direct bilirubin, pmol/L^a

<5.1

2.32 (1.27)

3.03 (1.19)

4.03 (1.35)^c

1.94 (0.93)^d,i

0.96 (0.24)^c,d,h,i

3.62 (1.23)^c,e,h

6.40

   Total bilirubin, pmol/L^a

<21.0

9.23 (4.16)

8.28 (3.29)

11.25 (4.75)

4.51 (2.73)^c,d,i

3.03 (1.43)^c,d,i

10.60 (4.50)^e,h

0.46

   Ferritin, pmol/L^a

67.4–898.8

304.16 (212.38)

138.67 (153.18)^c

341.41 (343.90)

143.55 (82.94)

113.82 (110.64)^c

91.50 (57.19)

340.56 (218.71)^d,e,h

1.80

   GGT, U/L^b

<60.0

17.50 (11.80)

23.80 (34.00)

23.40 (31.80)

14.15 (0.00)

25.50 (63.30)

17.40 (36.40)

23.95 (17.30)

1.80