Characteristic | Controls (n = 72) | Cases (n = 75) | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | |
Age (years) | 72 | 25.7 ± 5.3 | 75 | 25.4 ± 4.8 | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 71 | 128.9 ± 10.1 | 75 | 123.9 ± 14.5 | 0.72 (0.55, 0.95) |
Median ± IQR | Median ± IQR | ||||
Ferritin (μg/L) | 72 | 27.35 ± 35.5 | 75 | 29.4 ± 39.7 | 1.14 (0.80, 1.61) |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 63 | 0.71 ± 2.44 | 71 | 1.11 ± 2.57 | 1.20 (0.92, 1.55) |
Water As (μg/L) | 72 | 14.5 ± 48.4 | 74 | 37.7 ± 268.0 | 1.04 (0.92, 1.19) |
Toenail As (μg/g) | 71 | 1.58 ± 1.65 | 74 | 3.38 ± 8.55 | 1.88 (1.32, 2.68) |
% | % | ||||
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | |||||
<18.5 | 15 | 20.8 | 29 | 38.7 | 3.38 (0.85, 13.41) |
18.5–24.9 | 50 | 69.4 | 42 | 56.0 | 2.30 (1.09, 4.85) |
≥25 | 7 | 9.7 | 4 | 5.3 | Ref. |
Marital Status | |||||
Single/Unmarried | 17 | 23.6 | 20 | 26.7 | Ref. |
Ever Married | 55 | 76.4 | 55 | 73.3 | 0.85 (0.40, 1.79) |
Education | |||||
No formal education | 23 | 31.9 | 30 | 40.0 | 1.74 (0.86, 3.52) |
Primary | 5 | 6.94 | 12 | 16.0 | 0.54 (0.17, 1.76) |
Secondary and above | 44 | 61.11 | 33 | 44.0 | Ref. |
Chews betel nut | |||||
No | 64 | 88.9 | 67 | 90.5 | Ref. |
Yes | 8 | 11.1 | 7 | 9.5 | 1.05 (0.37, 2.96) |
Water Arsenic | |||||
≤10 ug/L | 30 | 41.7 | 35 | 46.7 | Ref. |
10–50 ug/L | 24 | 33.3 | 10 | 13.3 | 2.80 (1.16, 6.78) |
>50 ug/L | 18 | 25.0 | 30 | 40.0 | 0.70 (0.33, 1.50)_ |
Inflammation | |||||
No (hs-CRP <10 mg/L) | 65 | 90.3 | 68 | 90.7 | Ref. |
Yes (hs-CRP ≥10 mg/L) | 7 | 9.7 | 7 | 9.3 | 1.05 (0.35, 3.15) |
Iron depletion | |||||
No (ferritin >12 μg/L) | 58 | 80.6 | 62 | 82.7 | Ref. |
Yes (ferritin ≤12 μg/L) | 14 | 19.4 | 13 | 17.3 | 1.15 (0.50, 2.66) |
Iron depletion w/inflammation | |||||
No | 55 | 76.4 | 59 | 78.7 | Ref. |
Yes (ferritin ≤50 μg/L) | 17 | 23.6 | 16 | 21.3 | 1.15 (0.50, 2.66) |
Anemia | |||||
No (hemoglobin ≥120 g/L) | 64 | 88.9 | 56 | 74.7 | Ref. |
Yes (hemoglobin <120 g/L) | 8 | 11.1 | 19 | 25.3 | 2.71 (1.10, 6.68) |