DA Still and K Foxon [61]
|
South Africa
|
Number of users
|
Field monitoring and measurements
|
A decrease in per capita filling rate with an increase in number of users.
|
Rubbish content
|
Sorting and analysis of pit content
|
Throwing rubbish in a pit almost doubled its filling rate
|
BF Bakare [54]
|
South Africa
|
Number of users
|
Analysis of amalgamated data documented by DA Still and K Foxon [61]
|
No correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.203) between sludge accumulation rate and number of users.
|
Field monitoring and measurements
|
Sludge accumulation rates decreased with increasing numbers of users.
|
Degradation
|
Laboratory experiments on pit latrine samples
|
50–70 % volume reduction in matter added to the VIP
|
Addition of moisture
|
laboratory batch experiments on pit latrine samples
|
No evidence that an increase in moisture content of samples from VIP latrines reduced the sludge accumulation rate.
|
LC Todman, et al. [64]
|
Tanzania
|
Seasonal variation
|
Field monitoring and measurements
|
During wet periods, large temporary increases in the level (1 m magnitude) of pit content was observed
|
Pit latrine Modelling
|
Modelling pit latrine filling based on model developed by C Brouckaert, et al. [63]
|
Water inflows and accumulation have an important effect on the filling rate
|
J Norris [59]
|
South Africa
|
Seasonal variation
|
Field monitoring and measurements
|
No effect of season variations on the sludge build up
|
EG Wagner and JN Lanoix [18]
|
Various
|
Degradation
| |
A possible volume reduction of up to about 80 % after well-established degradation in wet pits
|
CA Buckley, et al. [62]
|
South Africa
|
Addition of moisture
|
Laboratory experiments on pit latrine samples
|
a significant increase on gas production rate was noted
|
Increasing Alkalinity
|
Laboratory experiments on pit latrine samples
|
No statistically significant increases in the rate of gas production from the samples under anaerobic conditions.
|
| |
additives
|
Laboratory experiments on pit latrine samples
|
Inconclusive results
|
C Brouckaert, et al. [63]
|
South Africa
|
Pit latrine Modelling
|
Developing and testing a simple mass balance model
|
Adding non-degradable material to the pit significantly influenced its filling
|
K Foxon, et al. [71]
|
South Africa
|
additives
|
Laboratory experiments on pit latrine samples
|
No statistically significant effect on rate of mass loss
|
L Taljaard, et al. [69]
|
South Africa
|
Bio additives
|
Laboratory studies on pit latrine samples
|
Use of biological product is feasible
|
M Jere, et al. [70]
|
Zimbabwe
|
Spore forming bacteria
|
Pit latrine studies
|
Efficient in reducing pit content
|
FF Kassam [72]
| |
Earthworm (Tiger worms)
|
Laboratory experiment setup
|
Reduction in human excreta
|
I Banks [74]
|
South Africa
|
Black soldier fly larvae
|
Laboratory studies on pit latrine samples
|
Potential in reduction of pit latrine content
|