Association of household income and education with eating behaviors in Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study

Table 1 Characteristics of respondents and health behaviors

Variables	Group	Total		Men		Women		P value
		n = 3137		n = 1580		n = 1557
		n	%	n	%	n	%
Basic characteristics of study subjects
Gender	Men	1580	50.4
Gender	Women	1557	49.6
Age	30–39	1072	34.2	540	34.2	532	34.2	0.926
	40–49	1117	35.6	567	35.9	550	35.3
	50–59	948	30.2	473	29.9	475	30.5
Marital status	Not married^b	1249	39.8	736	46.6	513	32.9	<0.001***
Marital status	Married	1888	60.2	844	53.4	1044	67.1
Residence status	Not living together	555	17.7	365	23.1	190	12.2	<0.001***
Residence status	Living together	2582	82.3	1215	76.9	1367	87.8
Employment status^a	Employed	2308	73.6	1405	88.9	903	58.0	<0.001***
Employment status^a	Not employed	829	26.4	175	11.1	654	42.0
Household income	<3,000,000 JPY	984	31.4	501	31.7	483	31.0	0.862
	3,000,000–7,000,000 JPY	1293	41.2	644	40.8	649	41.7
	>7,000,000 JPY	860	27.4	435	27.5	425	27.3
Educational status	Junior high/high school	830	26.5	412	26.1	418	26.8	<0.001***
	Two-year college	866	27.6	257	16.3	609	39.1
	4-year college/graduate school	1441	45.9	911	57.7	530	34.0
Health behaviors
Smoking behavior	Nonsmokers	2485	79.2	1138	72.0	1347	86.5	<0.001***
Smoking behavior	Current smokers	652	20.8	442	28.0	210	13.5
Drinking habits	Nondaily	1213	38.7	437	27.7	776	49.8	<0.001***
Drinking habits	Drinking	1924	61.3	1143	72.3	781	50.2