Table 1 Sociodemographic and accident-related characteristics at inclusion for whiplash victims and non-whiplash victims
Non-whiplash victims | Whiplash victims | Chi2 test1 | Whiplash victims by grade | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 185 | N = 167 | Grade 1 = 63 | Grade 2 = 104 | |||
n (%) | n (%) | P-value | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Gender | <0.0001 | |||||
Female | 72 (38.9) | 106 (63.5) | 40 (63.5) | 66 (63.5) | ||
Male | 113 (61.1) | 61 (36.5) | 23 (36.5) | 38 (36.5) | ||
Age at the accident | NS | |||||
16–24 years | 65 (35.1) | 46 (27.5) | 20 (31.7) | 26 (25.0) | ||
25–34 years | 49 (26.5) | 47 (28.1) | 13 (20.6) | 34 (32.7) | ||
35–44 years | 30 (16.2) | 43 (25.7) | 16 (25.4) | 27 (26.0) | ||
45–54 years | 19 (10.3) | 14 (8.4) | 4 (6.3) | 10 (9.6) | ||
≥55 years | 22 (11.9) | 17 (10.2) | 10 (15.9) | 7 (6.7) | ||
Family situation | <0.05 | |||||
Single | 89 (48.1) | 59 (35.3) | 24 (38.1) | 35 (33.7) | ||
In couple | 79 (42.7) | 86 (51.5) | 32 (50.8) | 54 (51.9) | ||
Separated, divorced, widowed | 17 (9.2) | 22 (13.2) | 7 (11.1) | 15 (14.4) | ||
Educational level | NS | |||||
<school-leaving cert. | 92 (49.7) | 76 (45.5) | 30 (47.6) | 46 (44.2) | ||
school-leaving cert. | 38 (20.5) | 36 (21.6) | 16 (25.4) | 20 (19.2) | ||
>school-leaving cert. | 55 (29.7) | 55 (32.9) | 17 (27.0) | 38 (36.5) | ||
Socio-occupational category | NS | |||||
Farming, trade | 13 (7.0) | 5 (3.0) | 4 (6.3) | 1 (1.0) | ||
Exec., sup. intellectual | 22 (11.9) | 23 (13.8) | 8 (12.7) | 15 (14.4) | ||
Intermediate | 21 (11.4) | 17 (10.2) | 5 (7.9) | 12 (11.5) | ||
Office worker | 71 (38.4) | 83 (49.7) | 28 (44.4) | 55 (52.9) | ||
Manual | 20 (10.8) | 11 (6.6) | 3 (4.8) | 8 (7.7) | ||
Student, housewife, other, no reply | 38 (20.5) | 28 (16.8) | 15 (23.8) | 13 (12.5) | ||
Financial difficulties4 before accident | <0.05 | |||||
No | 147 (79.5) | 116 (69.5) | 45 (71.4) | 71 (68.3) | ||
Yes | 38 (20.5) | 51 (30.5) | 18 (28.6) | 33 (31.7) | ||
Reason for travel | NS | |||||
Journey to work/school | 66 (35.7) | 65 (38.9) | 20 (31.7) | 45 (43.3) | ||
Work purposes | 6 (3.2) | 6 (3.6) | 4 (6.3) | 2 (1.9) | ||
Other | 113 (61.1) | 96 (57.5) | 39 (61.9) | 57 (54.8) | ||
Type of road-user | <0.0001 | |||||
4-wheel motor | 76 (41.1) | 145 (86.8) | 52 (82.5) | 93 (89.4) | ||
Other | 109 (58.9) | 22 (13.2) | 11 (17.5) | 11 (10.6) | ||
Place in vehicle | <0.01 | |||||
Driver | 128 (69.2) | 134 (80.2) | 53 (84.1) | 81 (77.9) | ||
Front passenger | 17 (9.2) | 18 (10.8) | 6 (9.5) | 12 (11.5) | ||
Rear seat passenger | 8 (4.3) | 7 (4.2) | 2 (3.2) | 5 (4.8) | ||
Unknown passenger/no reply | 32 (17.3) | 8 (4.8) | 2 (3.2) | 6 (5.8) | ||
Antagonist | <0.01 | |||||
None | 49 (26.5) | 20 (12.0) | 4 (6.3) | 16 (15.4) | ||
Other (pedestrian, fixed obstacle…) | 28 (15.1) | 21 (12.6) | 10 (15.9) | 11 (10.6) | ||
Motor vehicle | 108 (58.4) | 126 (75.4) | 49 (77.8) | 77 (74.0) | ||
Impact direction5 | <0.0001 | |||||
Frontal | 33 (17.8) | 35 (21.0) | 12 (19.0) | 23 (22.1) | ||
Rear | 7 (3.8) | 56 (33.5) | 17 (27.0) | 39 (37.5) | ||
Lateral Right | 18 (9.7) | 19 (11.4) | 6 (9.5) | 13 (12.5) | ||
Lateral Left | 12 (6.5) | 27 (16.2) | 15 (23.8) | 12 (11.5) | ||
Don’t know/no reply | 115 (62.2) | 30 (18.0) | 13 (20.6) | 17 (16.3) | ||
Friend or family member involved6 | NS3 | |||||
No | 142 (76.8) | 115 (69.5) | 45 (71.4) | 70 (67.3) | ||
Yes | 43 (23.2) | 51 (30.5) | 17 (27.0) | 34 (32.7) | ||
Intention to lodge a complaint | NS | |||||
No | 111 (60.0) | 99 (59.3) | 34 (54.0) | 65 (62.5) | ||
Yes | 18 (9.7) | 22 (13.2) | 10 (15.9) | 12 (11.5) | ||
Don’t know/no reply | 56 30.3) | 46 (27.5) | 19 (30.2) | 27 (26.0) | ||
Subjective responsibility in accident | <0.0001 | |||||
No | 52 (28.1) | 92 (55.1) | 39 (61.9) | 53 (51.0) | ||
Yes | 48 (25.9) | 34 (20.4) | 12 (19.0) | 22 (21.2) | ||
Don’t know/no reply | 85 (45.9) | 41 (24.6) | 12 (19.0) | 29 (27.9) | ||
Psychological history7 | NS | |||||
No | 129 (69.7) | 105 (62.9) | 37 (58.7) | 68 (65.4) | ||
Yes | 56 (30.3) | 62 (37.1) | 26 (41.3) | 36 (34.6) | ||
PTSD in the 1st Year | 0.05 | |||||
No | 162 (87.6) | 139 (83.2) | 52 (82.5) | 87 (83.7) | ||
Yes | 23 (12.4) | 28 (16.8) | 11 (17.5) | 17 (16.3) | ||