Why few older adults participate in complex motor skills: a qualitative study of older adults’ perceptions of difficulty and challenge

Table 2 Adapted format for Gentile’s taxonomy of motor skills [17]

	Action Function
	Body Stability		Body Movement
Environmental Context ↓	No object manipulation	Object manipulation	No object manipulation	Object manipulation
Stationary regulatory condition and no-intertrial variability	1a	1b	1c	1d
	Practicing a golf swing without a club	Hitting balls at a driving range, from the same spot	Practicing the same dance steps	Practicing the same dance steps with a partner
Stationary regulatory condition and intertrial variability	2a	2b	2c	2d
Stationary regulatory condition and intertrial variability	Practicing separate tai chi moves standing on the same spot	Hitting ball with cue from different locations on a billiards table	Practicing different dance steps on own	Practicing different dance steps with a partner
In-motion regulatory condition and no-intertrial variability	3a	3b	3c	3d
	Riding on a stationary exercise bike at a constant speed	Fishing while sitting on a boat and only casting once	Practicing lawn bowls delivery with a walking step without a ball	Returning a tennis serve from a tennis ball pitching machine
In-motion regulatory condition and intertrial variability	4a	4b	4c	4d
In-motion regulatory condition and intertrial variability	Riding on a stationary exercise bike at different speeds	Fishing while standing on a boat; throwing cast out in a new spot each attempt	Walking in a busy shopping centre	Riding a bike on a bike path

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