Table 2 Sub-group comparisons among ARMHS participants who completed a WMH-CIDI-3.0 – based on Potentially Traumatic Event (PTE) experience and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) history
From: Long-term effects of lifetime trauma exposure in a rural community sample
Characteristic | A | B | C | D | Overall analysisa p-value | Pattern of sub-group differences (post-hoc tests) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trauma + current PTSD | Trauma + past PTSD | Trauma without PTSD | No trauma | |||
(N = 89) | (N = 62) | (N = 363) | (N = 109) | |||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
Demographics | ||||||
Age | 51.9 (13.1) | 53.7 (12.0) | 57.2 (13.5) | 54.1 (16.0) | .004 | A < C |
Gender (male), % (n) | 32.6 (29) | 29.0 (18) | 45.2 (164) | 33.0 (36) | .010 | nil |
Ever married, % (n) | 93.3 (83) | 83.3 (50) | 93.4 (338) | 90.8 (95) | .061 | |
Completed high school, % (n) | 69.7 (62) | 58.1 (36) | 69.1 (251) | 65.1 (71) | .331 | |
Current functioning | ||||||
Current psychological distress | 23.1 (7.8) | 20.7 (6.1) | 18.2 (6.1) | 17.2 (6.2) | <.001 | A,B > C,D |
Alcohol use | 5.4 (6.8) | 3.4 (4.7) | 4.1 (4.1) | 3.7 (3.5) | .034 | |
Service use for mental health problem, % (n) | 61.8 (47) | 44.4 (24) | 31.0 (95) | 23.4 (22) | <.001 | A > C,D; B > D |
Adverse life events | 2.7 (2.0) | 2.3 (1.9) | 1.9 (1.7) | 1.1 (1.2) | <.001 | A > C > D; B > D |
Dispositional variables | ||||||
HOPES-12◊ | 2.5 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.6) | 2.8 (0.6) | 2.8 (0.6) | .017 | |
Neuroticism | 3.7 (2.0) | 3.2 (2.1) | 2.5 (2.1) | 2.8 (2.1) | <.001 | A > C,D |
Community factors | ||||||
Live on farm, % (n) | 23.6 (21) | 23.3 (14) | 25.4 (91) | 18.5 (20) | .534 | |
Proportion of life in a rural area | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.3) | .876 | |
Infrastructure and services accessibility | 2.9 (1.0) | 2.8 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.0) | 2.5 (1.0) | .001 | A > C,D |
Remoteness category, % (n) | ||||||
Inner regional | 35.5 (22) | 40.4 (36) | 41.3 (150) | 36.7 (40) | .132 | |
Outer regional | 45.2 (28) | 41.6 (37) | 36.1 (131) | 34.9 (38) | ||
Remote | 6.5 (4) | 9.0 (8) | 14.9 (54) | 22.0 (24) | ||
Very remote | 12.9 (8) | 9.0 (8) | 7.7 (28) | 6.4 (7) | ||
Social support | 4.2 (2.0) | 4.5 (1.7) | 5.0 (1.6) | 5.3 (1.2) | <.001 | A < C,D; B < D |
Other psychiatric morbidity | ||||||
Lifetime suicidal ideation, % (n) | 40.4 (36) | 37.1 (23) | 22.0 (80) | 13.8 (15) | <.001 | A > C,D; B > D |
Lifetime affective disorder, % (n) | 42.7 (38) | 32.3 (20) | 16.8 (61) | 18.3 (20) | <.001 | A > C,D |
Lifetime anxiety disorder, % (n) | 100 (89) | 100 (62) | 25.3 (92) | 17.4 (19) | <.001 | A > C,D; B > D |
Lifetime substance use disorder, % (n) | 40.4 (36) | 32.3 (20) | 24.0 (87) | 11.9 (13) | <.001 | A > C > D; B > D |
PTE history | ||||||
Age at first trauma | 17.4 (14.1) | 18.5 (12.5) | 21.4 (15.5) | N/A | .045 | |
Number of traumatic events | 3.4 (1.7) | 3.3 (1.9) | 2.5 (1.5) | N/A | <.001 | A,B > C |