Table 1 Systematic literature review–Overview of all studies
Nr. | Authors | Type | Location | Population/Participants | Exposure measurement | Exposure | Relative Risk | Controlled variables | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (95 % CI) |  |  |
[26] | Bonita et al. (1999) | case–control | New Zealand | 521 patients (279 men, 242 women) 1,851 controls (934 men, 917 women) | self-report | home and workplace | stroke | Yes | 9 |
 1.65 (1.28–2.16) | |||||||||
 men: 1.87 (1.27–2.77) | |||||||||
 women: 1.53 (1.06–2.2) | |||||||||
[72] | Chan-Yeung et al. (2007) | case–control | Hong Kong | 289 patients (243 men, 46 women), 289 controls (243 men, 46 women) | self-report | home and workplace | COPD | Yes | 9 |
 1.64 (0.97–2.03) | |||||||||
[69] | Ciruzzi et al. (1998) | case–control | South America | 336 patients (156 men, 180 women) 446 controls (228 men, 218 women) never-smokers | self-report | home | IHD | Yes | 9 |
 2.04 (0.99–12.52) | |||||||||
[16] | Ding et al. (2009) | case–control | Hong Kong | 314 female patients, 319 female controls, never-smokers | self-report | home: ≥ 4 h/day | IHD | Yes | 9 |
 women: 1.31 (1.03–6.01) | |||||||||
[87] | Dobson et al. (1991) | case–control | Australia | 759 patients, (519 men, 240 women) 1,308 controls (625 men, 683 women) non-smokers | self-report (medical records and relatives for deaths) | home and workplace | IHD | Yes | 9 |
 men: 0.98 (0.63–1.33) | |||||||||
 women: 1.92 (1.33–2.69) | |||||||||
[88] | Gallo et al. (2010) | cohort | Europe | 135,233 (19,922 men, 115,311 women) never-smokers | self-report | home | stroke | Yes | 6 |
 men: 1.10 (0.36–3.37) | |||||||||
 women: 0.93 (0.49–1.74) | |||||||||
[48] | Glymour et al. (2008) | cohort | USA | 16,225 never-smokers | self-report | home: spousal smoking (current exposure) | stroke | Yes | 9 |
 1.42 (1.02–1.92) | |||||||||
 men: 1.63 (0.83–2.70) | |||||||||
 women: 1.46 (1.00–2.18) | |||||||||
[66] | He et al. (1994) | case–control | China | 59 female patients, 126 female controls, never-smokers | self-report | home | IHD | Yes | 10 |
 women: 1.16 (0.67–1.95) | |||||||||
[89] | He et al. (2012) | cohort | China | 910 (439 men, 471 women) never-smokers | self-report | home and workplace | IHD | Yes | 7 |
 2.15 (1.00–4.61) | |||||||||
 men: 2.24 (0.76–6.59) | |||||||||
 women: 2.10 (0.69–6.33) | |||||||||
COPD | |||||||||
 2.30 (1.06–5.00) | |||||||||
 men: 2.15 (0.86–5.39) | |||||||||
 women: 3.31 (0.69–15.82) | |||||||||
stroke | |||||||||
 2.22 (1.21–4.10) | |||||||||
 men: 2.25 (1.09–4.66) | |||||||||
 women: 2.02 (0.62–6.53) | |||||||||
[28] | Helsing et al. (1988) | cohort | USA | 19,035 (4,162 men, 14,873 women) never-smokers | self-report | home: spousal smoking | IHD | Yes | 7 |
 men: 1.38 (1.1–1.8) | |||||||||
 women: 1.20 (1.0–1.4) | |||||||||
[90] | Hill et al. (2007) | cohort | New Zealand | 381,462 (152,613 men, 228,849 women) never-smokers | self-report | home | HD | Yes | 7 |
 men: 1.18 (0.96–1.44) | |||||||||
 women: 1.27 (0.98–1.66) | |||||||||
stroke | |||||||||
 men: 1.82 (1.20–2.77) | |||||||||
 women: 1.17 (0.76–1.82) | |||||||||
[91] | Hole et al. (1989) | cohort | Scotland | 7,997 (3,960 men, 4,037 women) | self-report | home | IHD | Yes | 8 |
 2.01 (1.21–3.35) | |||||||||
[43] | Iribarren et al. (2004) | cohort | USA | 27,698, (10,482 men, 17,216 women) | self-report | home: ≥ 20 h/week | stroke | Yes | 8 |
 1.42 (1.08–1.88) | |||||||||
 men: 1.29 (0.75–2.20) | |||||||||
 women: 1.50 (1.07–2.09) | |||||||||
[92] | Jefferis et al. (2010) | cohort | Great Britain | 2,783 never-smokers | self-report and cotinine-assessment | home | IHD | Yes | 6 |
 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | |||||||||
stroke | |||||||||
 0.94 (0.80–1.11) | |||||||||
[64] | Johannessen et al. (2012) | case–control | Norway | 433 patients (258 men, 175 women) 325 controls, (176 men, 149 women) | self-report | home | COPD | No | 7 |
 men: 0.98 (0.81–1.17) | |||||||||
 women: 1.14 (0.93–1.37) | |||||||||
[63] | Kalandidi et al. (1990) | case–control | Greece | 103 female patients 179 female controls, never-smokers | self-report | home: spousal smoking (1–20 cigarettes/day) | COPD | No | 7 |
 women: 1.79 (1.17–2.57) | |||||||||
[31] | Kawachi et al. (1997) | cohort | USA | 32,056 female nurses, never-smokers | self-report | home and workplace: regular exposure | IHD | Yes | 8 |
 women: 1.91 (1.11–3.28) | |||||||||
[70] | McElduff et al. (1998) | case–control | New Zealand/Australia | 953 patients (686 men, 267 women), 3,189 controls, (1,559 men, 1,630 women) ≥ 10 years non-smokers | self-report | home and workplace | IHD | Yes | 9 |
 men: 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | |||||||||
 women: 1.78 (1.33–2.36) | |||||||||
[24] | McGhee et al. (2005) | case–control | Hong Kong | 4,838 cases (2,680 men, 2,158 women) 763 controls (418 men, 345 women), never-smokers | self-report | home | IHD | Yes | 9 |
 1.18 (1.02–1.36) | |||||||||
 men: 1.15 (0.93–1.38) | |||||||||
 women: 1.22 (0.97–1.53) | |||||||||
COPD | |||||||||
 1.81 (1.24–2.65) | |||||||||
 men: 1.50 (0.96–2.28) | |||||||||
 women: 2.59 (1.30–5.27) | |||||||||
stroke | |||||||||
 1.24 (1.08–1.42) | |||||||||
 men: 1.16 (0.92–1.44) | |||||||||
 women: 1.27 (1.06–1.53) | |||||||||
[93] | Muscat and Wynder (1995) | case–control | USA | 114 cases (68 men, 46 women) 158 controls (108 men, 50 women) never–smokers | self-report | home and workplace | IHD | Yes | 8 |
 men: 1.06 (0.55–1.83) | |||||||||
 women: 1.33 (0.71–2.87) | |||||||||
[67] | Panagiotakos et al. (2002) | case–control | Greece | 848 cases (700 men, 148 women) 1,078 controls (862 men, 216 women) non-smokers | self-report | home and workplace: regular exposure | IHD | Yes | 10 |
 men: 1.43 (1.38–1.47) | |||||||||
 women: 1.46 (1.41 – 1.51) | |||||||||
[50] | Pitsavos et al. (2002) | case–control | Greece | 848 cases (700 men, 148 women) 1,078 controls (862 men, 216 women) non-smokers | self-report | home: regular exposure | IHD | Yes | 9 |
 1.17 (1.06–1.61) | |||||||||
[45] | Qureshi et al. (2005) | cohort | USA | 3,032 women non-smokers | self-report | home: spousal smoking | stroke | Yes | 7 |
 0.8 (0.6–1.3) | |||||||||
[68] | Rosenlund et al. (2001) | case–control | Sweden | 334 cases (199 men, 135 women) 677 controls (401 men, 276 women) never-smokers | self-report | home: spousal smoking (current exposure) | IHD | Yes | 8 |
 1.23 (0.93–1.57) | |||||||||
 men: 0.99 (0.67–1.39) | |||||||||
 women: 1.79 (1.17–2.54) | |||||||||
[94] | Rostron (2013) | cohort | USA | 7,586 never-smokers | cotinine-assessed | home: high exposure | IHD | Yes | 8 |
 2.47 (1.04–5.86) | |||||||||
[95] | Schwartz et al. (2009) | case–control | USA | 562 female cases, 564 female controls | self-report | home | COPD | Yes | 9 |
 women: 1.68 (1.12–2.61) | |||||||||
[65] | Steenland et al. (1996) | cohort | USA | 309,599 (101,227 men, 208,372 women) never-smokers | self-report | home: spousal smoking | IHD | Yes | 7 |
 men: 1.22 (1.07–1.40) | |||||||||
 women: 1.10 (0.96–1.27) | |||||||||
[73] | Wen et al. (2006) | cohort | China | 72,829 women never-smokers | self-report | home: spousal smoking (current exposure) | IHD | Yes | 8 |
 women: 1.37 (1.06–1.78) | |||||||||
stroke | |||||||||
 women: 1.52 (1.08–2.15) | |||||||||
[96] | Whincup et al. (2004) | cohort | Great Britain | 945 men never-smokers | cotinine-assessment | not specified | IHD | Yes | 9 |
 men: 1.67 (0.91–3.07) | |||||||||
[75] | Wu et al. (2010) | case–control | Taiwan | 205 female cases 205 female controls | self-report (validation by cotinine-assessment for 71 subjects) | home and workplace | COPD | Yes | 9 |
 women: 3.12 (1.56–6.50) | |||||||||
[71] | Yin et al. (2007) | Cohort | China | 15,379 (1,777 men, 13,602 women) never-smokers | self-report | home: ≥ 5 years of 40 h/week | COPD | Yes | 8 |
 1.60 (1.23–2.10) | |||||||||
[25] | You et al. (1999) | case–control | Australia | 154 cases, 213 controls, never-smokers | self-report | home: spousal smoking (>20 cigarettes/day) | stroke | Yes | 9 |
 1.44 (0.96–2.01) | |||||||||
[74] | Zhang et al. (2005) | Cohort | China | 60,377 women, never-smokers | self-report | home: spousal smoking (≥20 cigarettes/day) | stroke | Yes | 8 |
 women: 1.62 (1.28–2.05) |