Table 2 Maternal and early infant predictors of inpatient admission for suspected pneumonia during the first 6 months of life, Ha Nam province, Vietnam (n = 1049)

Demographic factors

Maternal age (years)

0.96

0.91 to 1.01

0.06

0.95

0.89 to 1.00

0.06

Education

Primary

Reference

-

-

Reference

-

-

Secondary

0.97

0.53 to 1.78

0.92

0.95

0.48 to 1.91

089

University

1.13

0.54 to 2.35

0.74

1.36

0.56 to 3.33

0.50

Gravidity

Primgravida

Reference

-

-

Reference

-

-

Multigravida

1.04

0.66 to 1.66

0.86

1.50

0.87 to 2.58

0.15

Main energy source

Gas

Reference

-

-

Reference

-

-

Firewood/Straw/Hay

0.85

0.45 to 1.61

0.62

0.88

0.45 to 1.72

0.70

Other

0.72

0.22 to 2.39

0.60

0.82

0.18 to 3.68

0.79

Type of toilet

Flush toilet/septic tank

Reference

-

-

Reference

-

-

Compartment latrine

0.75

0.38 to 1.45

0.39

0.74

0.39 to 1.40

0.36

Pit latrine/none

1.11

0.62 to 1.99

0.72

1.01

0.54 to 1.89

0.98

Main water source

Rain water

Reference

-

-

Reference

-

-

Well water/river water

2.22

1.04 to 4.73

0.04

2.67

1.05 to 6.77

0.04

Tap/piped water

0.92

0.39 to 2.19

0.85

0.69

0.26 to 1.83

0.46

Nutritional and health status

Body mass index at enrolment (kg/m²)

0.96

0.86 to 1.07

0.44

Depression early pregnancy

0.74

0.41 to 1.33

0.32

Depression late pregnancy

1.13

0.58 to 2.20

0.72

Antenatal practices

Change of diet when pregnant

1.39

0.81 to 2.38

0.23

Meat intake during pregnancy (number of times per week)

1.08

0.96 to 1.21

0.23

Supplements taken during trial intervention

Daily IFA supplements

Reference

-

-

Twice weekly IFA supplements

1.28

0.76 to 2.16

0.36

1.10

0.60 to 2.14

0.77

MMN supplements

1.18

0.69 to 2.03

0.55

1.14

0.45 to 1.71

0.69

Micronutrient status in late pregnancy

Haemoglobin (g/dL)

1.02

0.85 to 1.23

0.80

Ferritin (log₂ ug/L)^b

0.75

0.53 to 1.08

0.12

B12 (log₂ pmol/L)^b

1.22

0.62 to 2.40

0.57

Folate (log₂ nmol/L)^b

0.73

0.41 to 1.29

0.28

Iodine (log₂ ug/L)^b

1.08

0.82 to 1.43

0.60

Infant factors

Birthweight (per 100 grams)

0.98

0.98 to 1.00

0.48

Gestational age at delivery (weeks)

0.88

0.80 to 0.98

0.02

0.92

0.82 to 1.04

0.18

Male sex

2.14

1.35 to 3.39

0.01

2.35

1.40 to 3.96

0.01

Child care practices

Exclusive breast feeding at six weeks of age

0.44

0.25 to 0.75

0.01

0.39

0.20 to 0.75

0.01

Use of dietary supplements for child in the first six months

0.74

0.40 to 1.38

0.34