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Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted LME models predicting the effects of study variables on mean resilience scores among Cedar Project participants (n = 191)

From: The Cedar Project: resilience in the face of HIV vulnerability within a cohort study involving young Indigenous people who use drugs in three Canadian cities

 

B

SE

t-value

95 % CI

p-value

Adjusted B

SE

t-value

95 % CI

p-value

Potential Confounders

          

 Age

0.29

0.27

1.05

−0.25, 0.83

0.293

     

 Female sex

−2.59

2.77

−0.93

8.02, 2.85

0.353

     

 Ever in Foster Care

−2.24

3.04

−0.74

−8.2-, 3.73

0.463

     

 Parents attended residential school

          

  No

-

         

  Unsure

−4.44

3.86

−1.15

−12.02, 3.13

0.251

     

  At least one parent

1.39

3.60

0.39

−5.66, 8.44

0.700

     

 Location

          

  Prince George

-

         

  Chase

6.03

5.32

1.13

−4.41, 16.46

0.260

     

  Vancouver

−2.81

2.93

−0.96

−8.55, 2.92

0.338

     

 High school education or higher

7.25

3.73

1.94

−0.06, 14.55

0.053

     

 In a relationship

−7.00

4.27

−1.64

−15.37, 1.36

0.102

     

Childhood maltreatment severity

 

Emotional abuse

          

 None

-

    

-

    

 Low/Moderate

2.86

3.53

0.81

−4.05, 9.77

0.419

-

-

-

-

-

 Severe

1.93

3.57

0.54

−5.07, 8.93

0.590

-

-

-

-

-

Physical abuse

          

 None

-

    

-

    

 Low/Moderate

5.60

3.77

1.48

−1.80, 12.99

0.140

-

-

-

-

-

 Severe

2.06

3.13

0.66

−4.08, 8.19

0.513

-

-

-

-

-

Sexual abuse

          

 None

-

    

-

    

 Low/Moderate

−1.01

3.90

−0.26

−8.74, 6.53

0.796

-

-

-

-

-

 Severe

2.59

3.07

0.84

−3.43, 8.61

0.400

-

-

-

-

-

Emotional neglecta

          

 None

-

    

-

    

 Low/Moderate

−5.44

3.19

−1.70

−11.69, 0.82

0.090

−5.48

3.19

−1.72

−11.73, 0.78

0.088

 Severe

−12.96

4.01

−3.23

−20.83, −5.09

0.001

−13.34

4.04

−3.30

−21.25, −5.42

0.001

Physical neglect

          

 None

-

    

-

    

 Low/Moderate

1.35

3.85

0.35

−6.20, 8.90

0.727

-

-

-

-

-

 Severe

−1.38

3.864

−0.357

−8.95, 6.20

0.721

-

-

-

-

-

Cultural connectedness

 Family often/always lived by traditional cultureb

7.96

2.55

3.13

2.97, 12.95

0.002

7.70

2.64

2.92

2.53, 12.87

0.004

 Traditional language often/always spoken at homec

10.66

2.41

4.43

5.94, 15.38

<0.001

10.52

2.45

4.29

5.72, 15.33

<0.001

 Know how to speak traditional languaged

          

  No

-

    

-

    

  A little bit

1.70

2.45

0.69

−3.09, 6.49

0.25

2.28

2.46

0.93

−2.55, 2.71

0.178

  Yes

13.37

4.19

3.19

5.15, 21.58

0.001

13.06

4.19

3.12

4.85, 21.27

0.001

 Often/always lived by traditional culture in past six monthse

7.15

2.76

2.59

1.74, 12.55

0.010

6.50

2.88

2.26

0.86, 12.14

0.025

 Participated in traditional ceremoniesf

3.44

2.04

1.68

−0.56, 7.45

0.095

2.68

2.08

1.29

−1.40, 6.76

0.199

Other protective factors in the past six months

 Accessed drug/alcohol treatmentg

3.48

2.22

1.57

−0.87, 7.82

0.118

4.84

2.29

2.11

0.35, 9.34

0.036

 Accessed any counsellingh

3.86

2.38

1.62

−0.80, 8.52

0.105

4.21

2.38

1.77

−0.46, 8.89

0.079

 Tried quitting drugsi

4.72

2.79

1.69

−0.75, 10.19

0.092

4.98

2.85

1.75

−0.60, 10.57

0.075

Risk factors in the past six months

 Slept on streets for >3 nights

−4.55

2.99

−1.52

−10.40, 1.31

0.130

-

-

-

-

-

 Daily crack smokingj

−5.95

2.56

−2.32

−10.97, −0.92

0.021

−5.42

2.67

−2.03

−10.66, −0.18

0.044

 Injected drugsk

−4.41

2.65

−1.66

−9.60, 0.79

0.098

−4.12

2.75

−1.50

−9.50, 1.27

0.136

 Sex work involvement

−4.15

3.11

−1.33

−10.24, 1.95

0.185

-

-

-

-

-

 Did not always use condoms with casual partners

−0.36

4.136

−0.09

−8.47, 7.74

0.936

-

-

-

-

-

 Did not always use condoms use with regular partners

4.48

5.10

0.88

−5.52, 14.48

0.383

-

-

-

-

-

 Sexually transmitted infection

−1.16

5.04

−0.23

−11.04, 8.73

0.818

-

-

-

-

-

 Sexual assaultl

−14.61

6.96

−2.10

−28.24, −0.98

0.037

−14.42

6.97

−2.07

−28.09, −0.76

0.041

 Blackouts from drinkingm

−5.75

2.65

−2.17

−10.97, −0.56

0.032

−6.19

2.77

−2.23

−11.62, −0.75

0.027

 Binge drinking

−1.54

3.11

−0.49

−7.63, 4.56

0.625

-

-

-

-

-

 HIV-positive serostatus

−0.18

3.85

−0.05

−7.73, 7.36

0.960

-

-

-

-

-

 HCV-positive serostatus

0.32

3.05

0.10

−6.63, 6.34

0.920

-

-

-

-

-

 Psychological distress

−1.37

1.42

−0.97

−4.14, 1.40

0.333

     
  1. SD = standard deviation
  2. a,d,h,lAdjusted model included confounders age and sex
  3. b,j,mAdjusted model included confounders age, sex, education level, and childhood emotional neglect
  4. c,e,kAdjusted model included confounders age, sex, and emotional neglect
  5. f,gAdjusted model included confounders age, sex, education level, relationship status, and emotional neglect
  6. iAdjusted model included confounders age, sex, education level, and having ever been in foster care
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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