Leisure-time, occupational, and commuting physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese workers: a cohort study

Table 3 Risk of type 2 diabetes according to the dose and intensity of leisure-time exercise^a

	Inactive		Low dose		Physical activity meeting recommendation
	Cases (n)/Person-years	HR	Cases (n)/Person-years	HR	Median dose		High dose
	Cases (n)/Person-years	HR	Cases (n)/Person-years	(95 % CI)	Median dose		High dose
					Cases (n)/	HR	Cases (n)/Person-years	HR
					Person-years	(95 % CI)	Cases (n)/Person-years	(95 % CI)
Model 1^b
	1,210/91,266	1
MPA alone			219/17,996	0.89	128/8,514	1.03	73/5,594	0.85
MPA alone			219/17,996	(0.77, 1.02)	128/8,514	(0.86, 1.23)	73/5,594	(0.67, 1.08)
VPA alone			20/2,984	0.59	18/1,947	0.77	23/2,267	0.76
VPA alone			20/2,984	(0.38, 0.92)	18/1,947	(0.48, 1.22)	23/2,267	(0.51, 1.15)
Both			18/2,099	0.66	20/2,817	0.53	41/4,254	0.68
Both			18/2,099	(0.41, 1.05)	20/2,817	(0.34, 0.82)	41/4,254	(0.50, 0.92)
Model 2^c
		1
MPA alone				0.94		1.07		0.90
MPA alone				(0.81, 1.08)		(0.89, 1.28)		(0.71, 1.14)
VPA alone				0.68		0.86		0.88
VPA alone				(0.44, 1.06)		(0.54, 1.38)		(0.58, 1.33)
Both				0.70		0.57		0.75
Both				(0.44, 1.11)		(0.37, 0.89)		(0.55, 1.03)
Model 3^d
		1
MPA alone				0.94		1.07		0.90
MPA alone				(0.81, 1.08)		(0.88, 1.30)		(0.67, 1.21)
VPA alone				0.68		0.86		0.89
VPA alone				(0.44, 1.06)		(0.54, 1.34)		(0.56, 1.41)
Both				0.70		0.57		0.76
Both				(0.44, 1.11)		(0.37, 0.90)		(0.52, 1.11)

Abbreviations: MPA, moderate-intensity physical activity; VPA, vigorous-intensity physical activity
^aMedium dose of leisure-time exercise were 3.5, 10.4, and 21.0 for >0 to <7.5, 7.5 to 15.5, and ≥15.5 MET-hours per week of leisure-time exercise among those who engaged in moderate-intensity exercise alone, 3.8, 10.7, and 25.6 for >0 to <7.5, 7.5 to 15.5, and ≥15.5 MET-hours per week of leisure-time exercise among those who engaged in vigorous-intensity exercise alone, and 5.0, 10.8, and 25.7 for >0 to <7.5, 7.5 to 15.5, and ≥15.5 MET-hours per week of leisure-time exercise among those who engaged in both moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise
^bAdjusted for age (years, continuous) and sex
^cAdjusted for age (years, continuous), sex, shift work (yes or no), sleep duration (<5, <6, 6 to <7, or ≥7 h per day), alcohol consumption (non-drinker, current drinker consuming <1, 1 to <2, or ≥2 go of Japanese sake equivalent per day [1 go of Japanese sake contains approximately 23 g of ethanol]), smoking (never, past, current smoker consuming 1 to 20 or ≥21 cigarettes per day), hypertension (yes or no), a family history of diabetes (yes or no), occupational activity (mostly sedentary, mostly standing, walking often, or fairly active), and walking for commuting to and from work (<20, 20 to <40, or ≥40 min of walking)
^dAdjusted for factors in model 2 plus the total dose of moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity during leisure time (MET-hour per week, continuous)

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