Table 3 Association between individual/family environmental variables and television or computer time in five European countries (multivariate model)
BELGIUM | GERMANY | GREECE | HUNGARY | NORWAY | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Television | Computer | Television | Computer | Television | Computer | Television | Computer | Television | Computer | |
Β, SE (95 % CI) | Β, SE (95 % CI) | Β, SE (95 % CI) | Β, SE (95 % CI) | Β, SE (95 % CI) | Β, SE (95 % CI) | Β, SE (95 % CI) | Β, SE (95 % CI) | Β, SE (95 % CI) | Β, SE (95 % CI) | |
Individual variables | ||||||||||
Perception of recommendations | 22.28, 1.93 | 0.10, 0.01 | 16.31, 2.33 | 0.12, 0.02 | 14.38, 1.98 | 0.08, 0.02 | 25.35, 2.26 | 0.12, 0.01 | 18.05, 2.41 | 0.10, 0.02 |
(18.51;26.06) | (0.07;0.12) | (11.58;20.69) | (0.07;0.16) | (10.50;18.25) | (0.05;0.11) | (20.92;29.78) | (0.09;0.15) | (13.34;22.77) | (0.07;0.13) | |
Attitude | NS | 0.04, 0.01 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
(0.01;0.06) | ||||||||||
Preference | NS | 0.07, 0.02 | 10.58, 2.78 | 0.09, 0.02 | 9.64, 2.68 | 0.07, 0.02 | NS | 0.04, 0.01 | 9.39, 2.99 | 0.09, 0.02 |
(0.04;0.10) | (5.14;16.02) | (0.05;0.13) | (5.82;14.99) | (0.04;0.10) | (0.01;0.07) | (3.53;15.26) | (0.05;0.12) | |||
Self-efficacy | NS | −0.04, 0.01 | −5.05, 1.91 | NS | −6.21, 1.76 | −0.07, 0.01 | −5.52, 1.54 | −0.03, 0.01 | −9.63, 1.98 | −0.03, 0.01 |
(−0.06; −0.01) | (−8.78; −1.31) | (−9.66; −2.76) | (−0.09; −0.04) | (−8.54; −2.50) | (−0.05; −0.01) | (−13.50; −5.76) | (−0.06;0.00) | |||
Habit | NS | 0.03, 0.01 | NS | 0.05, 0.02 | NS | NS | NS | 0.06, 0.01 | NS | 0.06, 0.01 |
(0.00;0.05) | (0.01;0.08) | (0.03;0.08) | (0.04;0.09) | |||||||
Agreement with rules | NS | – | NS | NS | NS | −0.02, 0.01 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
(−0.05;0.00) | ||||||||||
Social environmental variables | ||||||||||
Parental behaviour | NS | – | NS | NS | NS | NS | 7.96, 3.15 | NS | 9.61, 3.83 | NS |
(1.78;4.14) | (2.11;17.11) | |||||||||
Parental co-participation | 4.07, 1.38 | NS | 4.77, 1.75 | NS | NS | 0.02, 0.01 | 5.47, 1.52 | 0.04, 0.01 | 5.23, 2.02 | NS |
(1.37;6.78) | (1.33;8.20) | (0.00;0.04) | (2.48;8.45) | (0.02;0.05) | (1.27;9.19) | |||||
Parental subjective norm | NS | NS | NS | NS | – | NS | −5.04, 1.93 | NS | NS | NS |
(−8.83; −1.26) | ||||||||||
Parental perception of recommendations | NS | 0.13, 0.02 | 18.74, 3.47 | NS | – | 0.08, 0.02 | 8.59, 2.58 | 0.06, 0.02 | 9.98, 3.42 | 0.08, 0.03 |
(0.06;0.16) | (11.95;25.53) | (0.04;0.12) | (3.50;13.60) | (0.01;0.10) | (3.28;16.68) | (0.03;0.13) | ||||
Parental avoidance of negative modeling behaviour | – | – | NS | −0.03, 0.02 | – | – | – | −0.02, 0.01 | – | – |
(−0.07;0.00) | (−0.04;0.00) | |||||||||
Political environmental variables | ||||||||||
Parental strictness 1 | −5.16, 1.46 | NS | NS | NS | NS | −0.03, 0.01 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
(−8.02; −2.30) | (−0.06; −0.01) | |||||||||
Parental strictness 2 | NS | NS | NS | −0.07, 0.03 | −9.64, 2.68 | NS | NS | −0.05, 0.02 | NS | NS |
(−0.13; −0.02) | (−14.90; −4.39) | (−0.08; −0.01) | ||||||||
Parental rules | NS | – | 5.41, 1.62 | NS | 4.72, 1.65 | – | 3.47, 1.52 | NS | – | – |
(2.23;8.58) | (1.50;7.95) | (0.48;6.45) | ||||||||
Child participation in setting rules | – | – | – | – | NS | – | NS | – | – | – |
Parental monitoring | −8.04, 2.18 | −0.04, 0.02 | NS | – | NS | – | NS | NS | NS | – |
(−12.31; −3.77) | (−0.07; −0.01) | |||||||||
Parental negotiation | NS | NS | – | – | −6.57, 2.32 | NS | NS | – | NS | −0.04, 0.02 |
(−11.12; −2.01) | (−0.08; −0.01) | |||||||||
Economic environmental variables | ||||||||||
Parental education | NS | NS | – | – | – | NS | NS | NS | – | – |
Physical environmental variables | ||||||||||
TV | ||||||||||
Number of TV’s in the household | NS | n/a | NS | n/a | NS | n/a | NS | n/a | NS | n/a |
Having a TV in the bedroom | NS | n/a | NS | n/a | NS | n/a | NS | n/a | NS | n/a |
Having a TV in the kitchen | – | n/a | – | n/a | – | n/a | – | n/a | – | n/a |
Computer | ||||||||||
Number of computers in the household | n/a | – | n/a | NS | n/a | – | n/a | NS | n/a | NS |
Having an own computer | n/a | NS | n/a | NS | n/a | – | n/a | 0.10, 0.03 | n/a | NS |
(0.04;0.16) | ||||||||||
Number of consoles in the household | n/a | 0.03, 0.01 | n/a | NS | n/a | NS | n/a | NS | n/a | – |
(0.00;0.04) | ||||||||||
Having an own console | n/a | – | n/a | NS | n/a | NS | n/a | NS | n/a | NS |