Table 3 Possible familial predictors of current smoking among 13 and 15 year old adolescents (subsample of respondents living in intact families, N = 2528)
Predictors | Non-smokers n (%) | Smokers n (%) | Univariable logistic regression | Multivariable logistic regressiona | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI | OR | CI | |||
Gender: | ||||||
Boys | 1075 (83.3) | 215 (16.7) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Girls | 1126 (91.0) | 112 (9.0) | 0.50 | 0.39–0.63 | 0.61 | 0.45–0.83 |
Age: | ||||||
13-year-old | 1283 (92.2) | 109 (7.8) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
15-year-old | 918 (80.8) | 218 (19.2) | 2.80 | 2.19–3.57 | 2.58 | 1.92–3.45 |
Family FAS: | ||||||
Low | 665 (85.4) | 114 (14.6) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Medium | 985 (88.7) | 125 (11.3) | 0.74 | 0.56–0.97 | 0.81 | 0.56–1.18 |
High | 493 (87.1) | 73 (12.9) | 0.86 | 0.63-1.19 | 1.15 | 0.83-1.60 |
Satisfaction with family relationships: | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
High | 1899 (88.6) | 245 (11.4) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Low | 268 (78.4) | 74 (21.4) | 2.14 | 1.60–2.86 | 1.89 | 1.27–2.83 |
Communication with the father: | ||||||
Easy | 1281 (86.3) | 203 (13.7) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Difficult | 774 (89.0) | 96 (11.0) | 0.78 | 0.60–1.02 | 0.56 | 0.38–0.80 |
Communication with the mother: | ||||||
Easy | 1577 (88.1) | 214 (11.9) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Difficult | 485 (84.8) | 87 (15.2) | 1.32 | 1.01–1.73 | 1.18 | 0.81–1.71 |
Father's monitoring: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
High | 1123 (91.0) | 111 (9.0) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Low | 1059 (83.1) | 215 (16.9) | 2.05 | 1.61–2.62 | 1.19 | 0.83–1.69 |
Mother's monitoring: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
High | 1430 (92.3) | 119 (7.7) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Low | 752 (78.4) | 207 (21.6) | 3.31 | 2.60–4.22 | 2.79 | 1.98–3.92 |
Quality of communication in the family: | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Good | 1395 (89.0) | 172 (11.0) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Poor | 787 (83.6) | 154 (16.4) | 1.59 | 1.26–2.01 | 0.99 | 0.71–1.38 |
School-related parental support: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
High | 1180 (91.2) | 114 (8.8) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Low | 1002 (82.5) | 212 (17.5) | 2.19 | 1.61–2.92 | 1.40 | 1.01–1.95 |
Family time together: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Often | 1046 (89.6) | 122 (10.4) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Rare | 1136 (84.3) | 204 (15.2) | 1.54 | 1.21–1.96 | 0.98 | 0.71–1.35 |
Father's emotional support: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
High | 1296 (89.7) | 149 (10.3) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Low | 905 (83.6) | 178 (16.4) | 1.71 | 1.35–2.16 | 1.36 | 0.96–1.91 |
Mother's emotional support: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
High | 1384 (89.0) | 171 (11.0) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Low | 817 (84.0) | 156 (16.0) | 1.55 | 1.22–1.95 | 0.72 | 0.51–1.01 |
Father's parenting style: | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Authoritative-reciprocal | 931 (89.1) | 114 (10.9) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Permissive-indulgent | 896 (88.1) | 121 (11.9) | 1.10 | 0.84–1.45 | 0.78 | 0.45–1.33 |
Authoritarian-repressive | 157 (80.9) | 37 (19.1) | 1.93 | 1.28–2.89 | 0.80 | 0.47–1.35 |
Permissive-neglectful | 177 (81.2) | 41 (18.8) | 1.89 | 1.23–2.80 | 1.21 | 0.64–2.28 |
Mother's parenting style: | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Authoritative-reciprocal | 1018 (88.8) | 129 (11.2) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Permissive-indulgent | 939 (86.5) | 146 (13.5) | 1.23 | 0.95–1.59 | 1.07 | 0.49–2.35 |
Authoritarian-repressive | 130 (82.3) | 28 (17.7) | 1.70 | 1.09–2.66 | 1.20 | 0.55–2.68 |
Permissive-neglectful | 82 (83.7) | 16 (16.3) | 1.54 | 0.87–2.71 | 0.91 | 0.37–2.24 |
Electronic media communication with parents: | ||||||
Often | 943 (85.8 | 156 (14.2) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Rare | 1258 (88.0) | 171 (12.0) | 0.82 | 0.66-1.04 | 0.66 | 0.50-0.88 |
Seeing of the father: | ||||||
Every day | 1667 (87.2) | 245 (12.8) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Not every day | 492 (88.0) | 67 (12.0) | 0.93 | 0.70–1.24 | 1.20 | 0.85–1.70 |
Seeing of the mother: | ||||||
Every day | 2045 (87.7) | 288 (12.3) | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
Not every day | 120 (81.1) | 28 (18.9) | 1.66 | 1.08–2.55 | 0.90 | 0.53–1.53 |