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Table 4 Early life urban exposure and risk of developing obesity in adulthood

From: Early life urban exposure as a risk factor for developing obesity and impaired fasting glucose in later adulthood: results from two cohorts in Thailand

  

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

 

% (n) obese by follow-up

Adjusted OR for obesity (95 % CI) and p-value

Adjusted OR for obesity (95 % CI) and p-value

Adjusted OR for obesity (95 % CI) and p-value

CMU health worker study:

    

Early life residence at age 5

    

 Rural (n = 740)

10.3 (76)

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Urban (n = 1,065)

15.9 (169)

1.43 (1.01 to 2.02) p = 0.04

1.45 (1.00 to 2.22) p = 0.05

1.44 (0.97 to 2.13) p = 0.07

Thai Cohort Study (TCS):

    

Early life residence at age 10-12

    

 Rural (n = 37,105)

8.8 (3,251)

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Urban (n = 11,385)

10.3(1,172)

1.16 (1.07 to 1.26) p < 0.01

1.13 (1.04 to 1.23) p < 0.01

1.14 (1.04 to 1.24) p < 0.01

  1. BMI at baseline was in 2008 for CMU Health worker study and 2005 for TCS; BMI at follow up was in 2013 for CMU Health Worker study and 2009 for TCS. Obesity defined as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2
  2. Model 1 adjusted odds ratio (OR) for age, sex, baseline BMI
  3. Model 2 adjusted odds ratio for age, sex, baseline BMI and later urban exposure in adulthood; Results from CMU Health worker study was adjusted for urban residence at age 20, Results from TCS adjusted for urban residence in 2005 and 2009
  4. Model 3 Adjusted odds ration for age, sex, baseline BMI later urban exposure (same as model 2) and current household income at follow up
  5. No evidence for interactions between early life urban residence and sex in both cohorts
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