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Table 2 Multivariate associations between baseline variables and the onset of daily cigarette use

From: Cannabis use and other predictors of the onset of daily cigarette use in young men: what matters most? Results from a longitudinal study

Variable categories and variables

Category-specific models

Overall model

 

OR (95 % CI)

p

OR (95 % CI)

p

Socio-demographics

    

Lower educational level (Ref)

    

 Higher educational level

0.51 (0.37–0.71)

<.001

0.45 (0.32–0.65)

<.001

Living with parent or parents (Ref)

    

 Living alone

1.45 (0.72–2.92)

.294

  

 Living with partner

1.69 (0.84–3.41)

.144

  

 Living with friends or in institution

2.25 (1.32–3.84)

.003

  

Religion and spirituality

    

Christian religion (Ref)

    

 Muslim religion

1.40 (0.71–2.73)

.332

1.53 (0.74–3.17)

.250

 Other religion

1.26 (0.54–2.92)

.579

1.01 (0.40–2.56)

.982

 No religion

1.48 (1.09–2.01)

.013

1.42 (1.03–1.97)

.035

Atheist (Ref)

    

 Agnostic

0.85 (0.58–1.25)

.410

  

 Unsure what to think about god

0.995 (0.66–1.50)

.983

  

 Believe in god but not practicing

0.86 (0.61–1.21)

.393

  

 Believe in god and practicing

0.49 (0.29–0.84)

.010

  

Health and health behaviour

    

Depression (MDI, scale 0–50)

1.03 (1.01–1.04)

.001

  

Social context

    

Grew up with both parents (Ref)

    

 …with parent and step-parent

2.60 (1.71–3.96)

<.001

2.16 (1.34–3.49)

.002

 …with one parent

1.57 (1.12–2.20)

.008

1.27 (0.87–1.85)

.214

 …with adoptive or foster parents or in institution

0.95 (0.29–3.08)

.928

0.71 (0.21–2.43)

.583

No psychiatric problem in peer/s at age of 15 (Ref)

    

 Psychiatric problem in peer/s at age of 15

1.97 (1.53–2.54)

<.001

1.35 (1.02–1.78)

.038

Substance use

    

Never used ≥ 50 cigarettes

    

 Lifetime use of ≥ 50 cigarettes

4.88 (3.37–7.08)

<.001

4.22 (2.89–6.16)

<.001

No use of cigarettes during previous 12 months

    

 Occasional (non-daily) cigarette use

3.02 (2.01–4.54)

<.001

3.02 (1.99–4.58)

<.001

No cannabis use (previous 12 months) (Ref)

    

 No problem use (CUDIT)

1.41 (1.03–1.92)

.031

1.52 (1.10–2.09)

.011

 Problem use (CUDIT)

3.00 (2.02–4.47)

<.001

3.06 (2.00–4.67)

<.001

Personality

    

Sensation seeking (BSSS total score, range 1–5), M (SD)

1.36 (1.15–1.60)

<.001

  

Aggression (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0–10)

1.07 (1.01–1.14)

.025

  

Sociability (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0–10)

1.12 (1.06–1.19)

<.001

1.12 (1.04–1.20)

.002

No anti-social personality disorder (Ref)

    

 Anti-social personality disorder

1.84 (1.33–2.52)

<.001

  
  1. Nagelkerke’s R2: overall model: 0.279, demographics: 0.018, religion and spirituality: 0.012, health and health behaviour: 0.006, social context: 0.032, substance use: 0.251, personality: 0.046
  2. BSSS Brief Sensation Seeking Scale, CI confidence interval, CUDIT Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test, MDI Major Depressive Inventory, OR Odds Ratio, Ref reference category, ZKPQ Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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