Variables | Crude OR (95 % CI) | p-value | Adjusted ORa (95 % CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS | ||||
Sex | ||||
Men | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Women | 1.23 (1.12–1.35) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.15–1.52) | <0.001 |
Age group (years) | ||||
18–29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
30–39 | 1.15 (0.98–1.35) | 0.098 | 1.08 (0.89–1.32) | 0.436 |
40–49 | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | 0.001 | 1.16 (0.95–1.43) | 0.154 |
50–59 | 1.36 (1.16–1.58) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) | 0.653 |
≥60 | 2.44 (2.09–2.86) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.17–1.93) | 0.001 |
Ethnicity | ||||
Malays | 1.35 (1.17–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.27–1.81) | <0.001 |
Chinese | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Indians | 1.16 (0.91–1.48) | 0.226 | 1.20 (0.92–1.57) | 0.187 |
Other Bumiputeras | 1.55 (1.25–1.93) | <0.001 | 1.62 (1.28–2.07) | <0.001 |
Others | 1.17 (0.88–1.54) | 0.280 | 1.46 (1.07–2.00) | 0.018 |
Residential area | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | 1.29 (1.15–1.45) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) | 0.032 |
Marital status | ||||
Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Married | 1.52 (1.35–1.71) | <0.001 | 1.09 (0.90–1.31) | 0.413 |
Widow/widower/divorcee | 2.26 (1.88–2.72) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) | 0.992 |
Educational level | ||||
No formal education | 2.15 (1.77–2.62) | <0.001 | 1.07 (0.81–1.40) | 0.647 |
Primary education | 1.54 (1.33–1.79) | <0.001 | 1.13 (0.93–1.36) | 0.220 |
Secondary education | 1.08 (0.95–1.24) | 0.243 | 1.08 (0.93–1.26) | 0.296 |
Tertiary education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Current work status | ||||
Working | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Not working | 1.30 (1.17–1.43) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | 0.337 |
Monthly household income (1 MYR ≈ 0.29 USD) | ||||
<MYR1000 | 1.10 (0.95–1.26) | 0.251 | - | - |
MYR1000-MYR1999 | 1.07 (0.94–1.23) | 0.305 | - | - |
MYR2000-MYR2999 | 1.02 (0.88–1.18) | 0.822 | - | - |
≥MYR3000 | 1.00 | - | - | |
LIFESTYLE FACTORS | ||||
BMI status (kg/m2) | ||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 1.25 (1.03–1.51) | 0.022 | 1.29 (1.05–1.57) | 0.014 |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) | 0.417 | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 0.356 |
Obese (≥30) | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) | 0.002 | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | 0.470 |
Consumption of fruits and vegetables | ||||
<5 servings/day | 1.13 (0.92–1.38) | 0.235 | 1.10 (0.88–1.37) | 0.412 |
≥5 servings/day | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Physical activity status | ||||
Active | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Inactive | 1.48 (1.34–1.63) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.11–1.39) | <0.001 |
Smoking status | ||||
Never smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Former smoker | 1.55 (1.31–1.84) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.12–1.70) | 0.003 |
Current smoker | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | 0.047 | 1.08 (0.91–1.29) | 0.356 |
Drinking status | ||||
Non-drinker | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Former drinker | 1.15 (0.92–1.43) | 0.218 | 1.27 (1.01–1.62) | 0.049 |
Current drinker | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | 0.975 | 1.35 (1.08–1.68) | 0.008 |
CHRONIC DISEASE STATUS | ||||
Asthma | ||||
Yes | 1.89 (1.60–2.25) | <0.001 | 1.66 (1.36–2.03) | <0.001 |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Arthritis | ||||
Yes | 2.60 (2.19–3.09) | <0.001 | 1.87 (1.52–2.29) | <0.001 |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Diabetes mellitus | ||||
Yes | 1.51 (1.29–1.78) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.72–1.09) | 0.261 |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Hypertension | ||||
Yes | 1.97 (1.77–2.20) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.18–1.64) | <0.001 |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Hypercholesterolemia | ||||
Yes | 1.95 (1.69–2.26) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.18–1.74) | <0.001 |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Heart disease | ||||
Yes | 2.94 (2.38–3.63) | <0.001 | 1.85 (1.43–2.39) | <0.001 |
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |