Table 3 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses for poor self-rated health, Malaysian adults aged 18 years and older, by socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and chronic disease status

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Sex

 Men

1.00

1.00

 Women

1.23 (1.12–1.35)

<0.001

1.32 (1.15–1.52)

<0.001

Age group (years)

 18–29

1.00

1.00

 30–39

1.15 (0.98–1.35)

0.098

1.08 (0.89–1.32)

0.436

 40–49

1.32 (1.13–1.54)

0.001

1.16 (0.95–1.43)

0.154

 50–59

1.36 (1.16–1.58)

<0.001

1.05 (0.85–1.30)

0.653

 ≥60

2.44 (2.09–2.86)

<0.001

1.51 (1.17–1.93)

0.001

Ethnicity

 Malays

1.35 (1.17–1.54)

<0.001

1.52 (1.27–1.81)

<0.001

 Chinese

1.00

1.00

 Indians

1.16 (0.91–1.48)

0.226

1.20 (0.92–1.57)

0.187

 Other Bumiputeras

1.55 (1.25–1.93)

<0.001

1.62 (1.28–2.07)

<0.001

 Others

1.17 (0.88–1.54)

0.280

1.46 (1.07–2.00)

0.018

Residential area

 Urban

1.00

1.00

 Rural

1.29 (1.15–1.45)

<0.001

1.15 (1.01–1.31)

0.032

Marital status

 Single

1.00

1.00

 Married

1.52 (1.35–1.71)

<0.001

1.09 (0.90–1.31)

0.413

 Widow/widower/divorcee

2.26 (1.88–2.72)

<0.001

1.00 (0.76–1.32)

0.992

Educational level

 No formal education

2.15 (1.77–2.62)

<0.001

1.07 (0.81–1.40)

0.647

 Primary education

1.54 (1.33–1.79)

<0.001

1.13 (0.93–1.36)

0.220

 Secondary education

1.08 (0.95–1.24)

0.243

1.08 (0.93–1.26)

0.296

 Tertiary education

1.00

1.00

Current work status

 Working

1.00

1.00

 Not working

1.30 (1.17–1.43)

<0.001

0.94 (0.82–1.07)

0.337

Monthly household income (1 MYR ≈ 0.29 USD)

 <MYR1000

1.10 (0.95–1.26)

0.251

-

-

 MYR1000-MYR1999

1.07 (0.94–1.23)

0.305

-

-

 MYR2000-MYR2999

1.02 (0.88–1.18)

0.822

-

-

 ≥MYR3000

1.00

-

-

LIFESTYLE FACTORS

BMI status (kg/m²)

 Underweight (<18.5)

1.25 (1.03–1.51)

0.022

1.29 (1.05–1.57)

0.014

 Normal (18.5–24.9)

1.00

1.00

 Overweight (25.0-29.9)

1.05 (0.93–1.19)

0.417

0.94 (0.83–1.07)

0.356

 Obese (≥30)

1.25 (1.09–1.43)

0.002

1.06 (0.91–1.23)

0.470

Consumption of fruits and vegetables

 <5 servings/day

1.13 (0.92–1.38)

0.235

1.10 (0.88–1.37)

0.412

 ≥5 servings/day

1.00

1.00

Physical activity status

 Active

1.00

1.00

 Inactive

1.48 (1.34–1.63)

<0.001

1.25 (1.11–1.39)

<0.001

Smoking status

 Never smoker

1.00

1.00

 Former smoker

1.55 (1.31–1.84)

<0.001

1.38 (1.12–1.70)

0.003

 Current smoker

0.89 (0.79–1.00)

0.047

1.08 (0.91–1.29)

0.356

Drinking status

 Non-drinker

1.00

1.00

 Former drinker

1.15 (0.92–1.43)

0.218

1.27 (1.01–1.62)

0.049

 Current drinker

1.00 (0.83–1.20)

0.975

1.35 (1.08–1.68)

0.008

CHRONIC DISEASE STATUS

Asthma

 Yes

1.89 (1.60–2.25)

<0.001

1.66 (1.36–2.03)

<0.001

 No

1.00

1.00

Arthritis

 Yes

2.60 (2.19–3.09)

<0.001

1.87 (1.52–2.29)

<0.001

 No

1.00

1.00

Diabetes mellitus

 Yes

1.51 (1.29–1.78)

<0.001

0.89 (0.72–1.09)

0.261

 No

1.00

1.00

Hypertension

 Yes

1.97 (1.77–2.20)

<0.001

1.39 (1.18–1.64)

<0.001

 No

1.00

1.00

Hypercholesterolemia

 Yes

1.95 (1.69–2.26)

<0.001

1.43 (1.18–1.74)

<0.001

 No

1.00

1.00

Heart disease

 Yes

2.94 (2.38–3.63)

<0.001

1.85 (1.43–2.39)

<0.001

 No

1.00

1.00