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Table 3 Effect of age, sex and education on multimorbidity by country: Odds ratios in univariable, multivariable analysis

From: Multimorbidity and the inequalities of global ageing: a cross-sectional study of 28 countries using the World Health Surveys

 

Age (OR) 18–49 as reference

Sex (OR) Male as reference

Education (OR) primary school as reference

Education (AOR)

 

50 - 64

65+

< primary

Secondary

higher

< primary

secondary

higher

Burkina Faso

2.2*

3.0*

0.7***

1.1

0.5

1.1

0.9

0.5

1.1

Bangladesh

4.1*

4.9*

0.9

1.1

0.7

0.4***

0.8

0.7

0.4***

Bosnia & Herz

5.7*

18.7*

0.4***

3.0**

0.6

$

1.0

1.0

$

Brazil

3.1*

4.4*

0.5*

1.6*

0.6*

0.8

1.2

0.8***

0.8

Czech Republic

3.7*

18.1

0.6

2.3

0.3***

0.4

1.3

0.7

0.7

Dominican Republic

4.0*

4.8*

0.3*

2.0**

0.7

0.9

1.3

0.6

0.8

Estonia

2.6*

8.0*

0.6**

1.6

0.8

0.6

0.9

1.3

0.9

Georgia

4.2*

8.8*

0.6*

1.9

0.7

0.8

2.0

2.3

2.9

Ghana

2.2*

3.5*

0.6**

1.2

3.0

1.2

0.9

0.3

1.2

Hungary

4.6*

5.6*

0.5*

2.9

0.4*

0.2***

3.4***

0.8

0.5***

Kazakhstan

7.4*

54.2*

0.5*

0.3

0.2*

0.1***

0.5

1.1

0.8

Kenya

1.6*

6.2*

1.0

2.3*

1.7

2.5

1.4

1.8

2.4

Laos

2.7*

2.2*

0.9

1.5

0.5

0.2

1.3

0.5

0.3

Latvia

6.9*

20.0*

0.4**

1.6

0.9

1.0

0.7

1.7

1.3

Malaysia

5.2*

8.2*

0.8

1.8*

0.5*

0.5*

1.1

0.8

0.8

Mauritius

5.6*

7.1*

0.6*

2.8*

0.4*

0.4***

1.3

0.5*

0.4

Morocco

5.0*

6.8*

0.6***

1.4

0.5

0.4

0.6

0.6

0.7

Myanmar

1.4*

2.4*

0.5**

0.9

1.4

1.3

0.6

1.5

1.2

Namibia

2.7*

4.3*

0.6**

2.2*

0.7

1.2

1.7***

0.8

1.4

Nepal

2.9*

0.8*

1.0

1.3*

0.9

1.4

0.9

0.9

1.4

Pakistan

2.7*

4.9*

0.5**

1.4

0.6

1.1

0.9

0.6

1.1

Paraguay

3.0*

4.1*

0.3*

1.2

1.0

1.0

0.8

1.1

1.0

Philippines

3.4*

5.2*

0.6*

1.7*

0.8

1.1

1.3

1.1

1.3

South Africa

5.3*

8.3*

0.6*

2.4*

0.8

0.5

1.6

1.1

0.7

Spain

5.6*

9.1*

0.6*

1.8*

0.4*

0.2*

1.4***

0.8***

0.4**

Sri Lanka

5.9***

8.8***

0.7

1.2

0.5***

0.3

0.9

0.9

0.5

Ukraine

6.4***

13.7***

0.4***

0.7

0.5

0.3

0.6

1.4

1.3

Uruguay

3.3***

4.8***

0.5***

2.0**

0.8

0.7

1.4

1.0

0.9

  1. *p-value *** < 0.05; ** < 0.01; * <0.001; (OR) Unadjusted odds ratio; (AOR) Adjusted odds ratios in multivariable analysis: all countries adjusted for age and sex. $ indicates no observations within the category. For Bosnia & Herzegovina the categories of secondary and higher education were combined for both univariable and multivariable analyses
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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