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Table 4 Adjusted odds ratios †,# and 99%-confidence intervals for the effects of screen time (hours/day) and total sleep duration (hours/day) on consumption frequencies of selected food items

From: WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: associations between sleep duration, screen time and food consumption frequencies

Outcome variables (Categorization: ≥ 4 days/week vs. < 4 days/week; exceptions in brackets)

Exposure variables

Screen time(hours/day)

Sleep duration#(hours/day)

OR (99% CI)

OR (99% CI)

Fresh fruit (Daily vs. < 7 days/week)

0.91 (0.86;0.97)**

1.11 (1.04;1.18)**

Vegetables (excluding potatoes) (Daily vs. < 7 days/week)

0.89 (0.83;0.95)**

1.14 (1.07;1.23)**

100% fruit juice

1.07 (1.01;1.14)*

1.14 (1.06;1.22)**

Soft drinks containing sugar (≥ 1 day/week vs. never)

1.28 (1.19;1.39)**

0.99 (0.91;1.07)

Diet/light soft drinks (≥ 1 day/week vs. never)

1.21 (1.14;1.29)**

0.97 (0.90;1.04)

Low-fat/semi-skimmed milk

1.07 (1.00;1.15)

0.97 (0.90;1.05)

Whole-fat milk

0.97 (0.91;1.04)

1.10 (1.02;1.18)**

Flavoured milk

1.18 (1.08;1.28)**

0.98 (0.89;1.08)

Cheese

1.02 (0.97;1.09)

1.13 (1.06;1.20)**

Yoghurt, cream cheese/quark or other dairy products

0.95 (0.89;1.01)

1.16 (1.08;1.24)**

Meat

1.12 (1.05;1.19)**

1.04 (0.97;1.12)

Fish

0.95 (0.88;1.03)

1.06 (0.97;1.16)

Potato chips (crisps), corn chips, popcorn or peanuts

1.32 (1.20;1.45)**

1.07 (0.98;1.18)

Candy bars or chocolate

1.31 (1.22;1.40)**

1.03 (0.96;1.11)

Biscuits, cakes, doughnuts or pies

1.22 (1.14;1.30)**

1.03 (0.96;1.10)

Pizza, French fries (chips), hamburgers, sausages or meat pies

1.30 (1.18;1.43)**

1.03 (0.93;1.14)

  1. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
  2. Significance levels: * p < 0.01 ** p < 0.001
  3. All models were adjusted for sleep duration, age, sex, outdoor play time and maximum parental educational level of the children and included random effects for country and primary sampling units.
  4. #All models were adjusted for screen time, age, sex, outdoor play time and maximum parental educational level of the children and included random effects for country and primary sampling units.